Introduction to Electrical

Systems
EE042-4-2-IES / VE1

Three Phase System

 TOPIC & STRUCTURE OF THE
LESSON

• Three phase balanced system

• Star connection
• Delta connection
• Wattmeter method
• Star Delta Transformation

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 2

 LEARNING OUTCOMES

• At the end of this topic, YOU should be able

to:
– Analyse the concepts of AC Circuits, and the
working principles and performance
characteristics of AC machines. (C4, PLO2)

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 3

 KEY TERMS YOU MUST BE ABLE
TO USE
• If you have mastered this topic, you should be able to use
the following terms correctly in your assessments: -
– Three phase balanced system
– Star connection
– Delta connection
– Wattmeter method
– Star Delta Transformation

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 4

 Single Phase System

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 5

 Three Phase System

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 6

 Formulation

•  
The notation for each individual phase is:

The sum of these three phase waveform is

zero.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 7

 Advantages of Three Phase
System

1. Lesser amount of copper is used in

constructing three phase system rather
then single phase system.
2. Higher efficiency compared to single
phase system.
3. Lesser cost but deliver higher power than
single phase system.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 8

 Phase Sequence

Considering the following three phase

machine:

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 9

 Phase Sequence

For anti-clockwise rotation:

Phase Sequence: ABCABCABCABC…

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 10
 Phase Sequence

For clockwise rotation:

Phase Sequence: CBACBACBACBA…

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 11
 Numbering of Phases

•   The standard numbering is given to the

three phases as follow:

Normally, RYB is taken as positive and RBY

is taken as negative.
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 12
 Interconnection of Three Phase
System

Two possible connection of Three-Phase

System are:
a) Star / Wye connection
b) Delta / Mesh connection

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 13

 Star / Wye Connection

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 14

 Star / Wye Connection

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 15

 Characteristic of Star / Wye
Connection
1. The similar ends of a three-phase
winding are joined together at a point N.
2. The point N is known as star point or
neutral point.
3. The three conductors meeting at point N
are replaced by a single conductor known
as neutral conductor.
4. Such an interconnected system is known
as four-wire, 3-phase system.
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 16
 Characteristic of Star / Wye
Connection
•5.  If this three-phase voltage system is
applied across a balanced symmetrical
load, the neutral wire will be carrying
three currents which are exactly equal in
magnitude but are 120° out of phase with
each other.
6. Hence, their vector sum is zero which is:

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 17

 Voltage and Current in Y-
Connection

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 18

 Voltage and Current in Y-
Connection

Four notation need to be remembered:

1. Phase Voltage: Voltage across each
winding
2. Phase Current: Current across each
winding
3. Line Voltage: Voltage across any two
lines
4. Line Current: Current in each line
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 19
 Line Voltage and Phase Voltage

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 20

 Line Voltage and Phase Voltage

•  

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 21

 Line Voltage and Phase Voltage

Be noted that:
1. Line voltages are 120˚ apart.
2. Line voltages are 30˚ ahead of their
respective phase voltage.
3. The angle between the line currents and
the corresponding line voltages is (30 +
Φ) with current lagging.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 22

 Line Current and Phase Current

•  

Each line is in series with its individual

phase winding, therefore:

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 23

 Power

  total active or true power in the circuit is

•The
the sum of the three phase power. Hence:

, and

is the angle between and

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 24
 Balanced System

A balanced system should observe the

following:
1. the voltages in all phases are equal in
magnitude and offer in phase from one
another by equal angles, in this case, the
angle = 360/3 = 120°,
2. the currents in the three phases are equal
in magnitude and also differ in phase
from one another by equal angles.
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 26
 Example

A balanced star-connected load of (8 + j6) Ω

per phase is connected to a balanced 3-
phase 400-V supply. Find the line current,
power factor, power and total volt-amperes.
(Ans: 23.1A, 0.8 lagging, 12800W,
16000VA)

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 27

 Example

•  

Phase voltages of a star connected

alternator are , ; and . What is the phase
sequence of the system ? Compute the line
voltages and .
(Ans: RYB, 400V)

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 28

 Example

Given a balanced 3−Φ, 3-wire system with

Y-connected load for which line voltage is
230 V and impedance of each phase is (6 +
j8) ohm. Find the line current and power
absorbed by each phase.
(Ans: 13.3A, 1058W)

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 29

 Example
When the three identical star-connected coils are
supplied with 440 V, 50 Hz, 3-Φ supply, the 1-Φ
wattmeter whose current coil is connected in line R
and pressure coil across the phase R and neutral
reads 6kW and the ammeter connected in R-
phase reads 30A. Assuming RYB phase sequence
find:
(i) resistance and reactance of the coil,
(ii) the power factor, of the load
(iii) reactive power of 3-Φ load.
(Ans: 6.67Ω, 5.22Ω, 0.787(lag), 14.103 kVA)
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 30
 Delta / Mesh Connection

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 31

 Line Voltage and Phase Voltage

•  
In this connection:

In conclusion:

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 32

 Line Current and Phase Current

•  

• In this connection:

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 33

 Line Current and Phase Current

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 34

 Line Current and Phase Current

•  

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 35

 Line Current and Phase Current

1. Line currents are 120º apart;

2. Line currents are 30º behind the
respective phase currents;
3. The angle between the line currents and
the corresponding line voltages is (30 +
Φ) with the current lagging.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 36

 Power

•  

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 37

 Example

A
•   3-φ, Δ-connected alternator with phase
current, 10 A in magnitude. At the time when
, determine the following, for a phase
sequence of RYB.
a) Polar expression for and and
b) Polar expressions for the three line
current.
Show the phase and line currents on a
phasor diagram.
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 38
 Example

Three similar coils, each having a resistance

of 20 ohms and an inductance of 0.05 H are
connected in star / mesh to a 3-phase, 50-
Hz supply with 400-V between lines.
Calculate the total power absorbed and the
line current in each case. Draw the vector
diagram of current and voltages.
(Ans: 5035 W / 15095 W)

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 39

 Example

A Δ-connected balanced 3-phase load is

supplied from a 3-phase, 400-V supply. The
line current is 20 A and the power taken by
the load is 10,000 W. Find
a) impedance in each branch
b) the line current, power factor and power
consumed if the same load is connected
in star.
(Ans: 34.64 Ω, 0.7217, 20 A, 3333 W)
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 40
 Example

Three similar resistors are connected in star

across 400-V, 3-phase lines. The line current
is 5 A. Calculate the impedance of each
load. To what value should the line voltage
be changed to obtain the same line current
with the resistors delta-connected.
(Ans: 46.2 Ω, 133.3 V)

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 41

 Star/Delta Conversion

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 42

 Balanced Star Connection

•  

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 43

 Balanced Delta Connection

•  

Therefore:

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 44

 Power Measurement in 3-Phase
System

1. Three Wattmeter Method

2. Two Wattmeter Method
3. One Wattmeter Method

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 45

 Three Wattmeter Method
In this method, three wattmeters are
inserted one in each phase and the
algebraic sum of their readings gives the
total power consumed by the 3-phase load.
a) a low resistance current coil which is
inserted in series with the line carrying
the current and
b) a high resistance pressure coil which is
connected across the two points whose
potential difference is to be measured.
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 46
 Delta Connected Load

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 47

 Star Connected Load

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 48

 The difficulty

The difficulty with this method is that under

ordinary conditions it is not generally
feasible to break into the phases of a delta-
connected or star-connected load.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 49

 Example

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 50

 Two Wattmeter Method

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 51

 Two Wattmeter Method

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 52

 Formulation

•  
Potential Difference for :

Reading of :

Similarly for

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 53

 Formulation

•Since
  the load is balanced

Therefore:

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 54

 Formulation

•  

Therefore, the summation of the power in

that two wattmeters is the total power in 3
phase.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 55

 One Wattmeter Method

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 56

 QUICK REVIEW QUESTIONS

• What is a three phase system?

• How is star system connected?
• How is delta system connected?
• How to convert between star-delta?
• How to derive phase voltage, phase current, line
voltage and line current?
• How to derive the wattmeter method formula?

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 57

 SUMMARY OF MAIN TEACHING
POINTS

• The definition of a three phase system.

• The benefits of using three phase system.
• Derivation of phase voltage, phase current, line
voltage and line current.
• Star connection
• Delta connection
• Conversion between star-delta.
• Power measurement method.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 58

 QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION

Q&A

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 59

 WHAT WE WILL COVER NEXT

• Induction Motors

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical Systems Ch2-Three Phase System Slide 60