MILITARY RADARS
PRESENTED BY-
ANKIT TIWARI
ECE (4th yr.)
2007UEC009
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
OPERATION
ADVANTAGE
&
DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
ABSTRACT
RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) is basically a
means of gathering information about distant objects by
transmitting electromagnetic waves at them and
analyzing the echoes. Radar has been employed on the
ground, in air, on the sea and in space.
Radar finds a number of applications such as in airport
traffic control, military purposes, coastal navigation,
meteorology and mapping etc.
The development of the radar technology took
place during the World War II in which it was
used for detecting the approaching aircraft and
then later for many other purposes which finally
led to the development of advanced military radars
being used these days.
Military radars have a highly specialized design to
be highly mobile and easily transportable, by air as
well as ground.
INTRODUCTION
Military radar should
be an early warning,
altering along with
weapon control functions.
It is specially designed
to be highly mobile and
should be such that
it can be deployed within minutes.
Military radar minimizes mutual interference of tasks of
both air defenders and friendly air space users.
The command and control capabilities of the radar in
combination with an effective ground based air defense
provide maximum operational effectiveness with a safe,
efficient and flexible use of the air space.
The increased operational effectiveness is obtained by
combining the advantages of centralized air defense
management with decentralized air defense control.
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF
RADAR SUBSYSTEM
The detection of air
targets is accomplished
by the search radar,
the video processor
and the color PPI unit.
The color PPI unit
Provides the
presentation of all
moving targets down to
very low radial speeds on a PPI screen.
The search radar is pulse Doppler radar (also
called MTI radar) i.e. it is capable of
distinguishing between the echo from a fixed
target and that of a moving target.
The echoes from fixed target are eliminated,
so that the echoes from the moving targets are
presented on the screen
Block Diagram
The main units of radar sub system are: -
[Link] Unit
The high tension unit converts the phase mains
voltage into a DC supply voltage of about in the
order of kV for the transmitter unit
2. Transmitter Unit
The transmitter unit comprises:
(a)Modulator
The modulator consists of the following
components: -
Start Pulse Amplifier
Pulse Unit
b) Magnetron
The magnetron is a self-oscillating RF power
generator. It is supplied by the modulator by high
voltage pulses, whereupon it produces band pulses
3) LO+AFC Unit:
The LO+AFC unit determines the frequency
of the transmitted radar pulses. It comprises Of: -
[Link] pulse mixer
[Link] discriminator
[Link] State Local Oscillator (SSLO)
[Link] Oscillator (COHO)
4) Receiver Unit
The receiver unit converts the received RF echo signals to
IF level and detects the IF signals. By detecting the IF
signals in two different ways, two receiver channels are
obtained called MTI channel and linear channel The RF
signals received by radar antenna are applied to the low
noise amplifier.
5) Antenna:
The search antenna is a
parabolic reflector,
rotating
with a high speed. In the
Focus of the reflector is a
radiator,
which emits the RF pulses,
and which receives the RF
echo pulses. In the waveguide
is the polarization shifter, which
causes the polarization of the
RF energy to be either horizontally or circularly.
6) Video processor
The video processor processes the MTI video from the
MTI receiver channel, to make the video suitable for
the presentation on the colour PPI screen.
7) Protection Units
There are some protection units such as arc sensor to
protect the magnetron against arcing and RF power
sensor maintaining the RF power.
OPERATING THE RADAR:
The operator’s main task is to watch the PPI (Plan Position
Indicator) display, which presents only moving targets in the
normal mode (MTI-MODE).
Detected target can be assigned with the joystick controlled
order marker to initiate target tracking.
Target tracking is started and a track marker appears over the
target echo. A label is displayed near the track marker.
The system computer in the processor unit processes data on
this tracked target. When an aircraft does not respond to the
IFF interrogation it is considered to be unknown.
ADVANCED FEATURES AND BENEFITS
Typical military radar has the following advanced features and
benefits: -
All-weather day and night capability.
Multiple target handling and engagement capability.
Short and fast reaction time between target detection and
ready to fire moment.
Easy to operate and hence low manning requirements and
stress reduction under severe conditions.
Highly mobile system, to be used in all kind of terrain
Flexible weapon integration, and unlimited number of
single air defence weapons can be provided with target data.
DISADVANTAGES:
Time - Radar can take up to 2 seconds to lock
on
Radar has wide beam spread (50 ft diameter
over 200 ft range).
Cannot track if deceleration is greater than
one mph/second.
Large targets close to radar can saturate
receiver.
Hand-held modulation can falsify readings.
CONCLUSION:
Military radars are one of the most important
requirements during the wartime, which can be
used for early detection of ballistic missile and also
for accurate target detection and firing. Radar
system discussed here has a built in threat
evaluation program which automatically puts the
target in a threat sequence, and advises the weapon
crew which target can be engaged first.
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