AIM

• To compare the effects and properties of industrial and agricultural wastes such as
GGBFS, rice husk ash and fly ash incorporated in certain amount as a replacement of
cement in concrete.
 OBJECTIVE

• To study the properties and analyse the results of experiments of GGBFS, rice husk
ash and fly ash in concrete.
• To collate the results of experimental analysis published in recent reports.
• Real time application of such concretes in constructions.
 METHODOLOGY

Introduction to Examining the

Objective Literature review Industrial and Processing of
agricultural waste wastes

Comparison of Properties
Conclusion Applications
properties analysis
 GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE
SLAG ( GGBFS )
• The GGBFS is a highly reactive slag consisting of silicates, aluminates, calcium,
magnesium etc.
• It is a by-product from iron industries.
• It has the properties just similar to that of cement and can be used as cement
supplementary with varying concentrations (15%-70%).
HOW IS IT PROCESSED?

Blast furnace (iron

manufacturing)

Quenching

Grinding mill

GGBFS
 PROPERTIES (AS PER BS: 6699)

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

CaO 30-50% Color Off-white
SiO2 28-40% Specific gravity 2.9
Al2O3 8-24% Bulk density (Kg/m3) 1200
MgO 1-18% Specific surface 425-470
(m2/Kg)
Moisture content 1 (max) Fineness (m2/Kg) >275
Chloride content 0.10 (max) Soundness Le- <10
Chatelier expansion
(mm)
Compressive strength 7 days – 12 (min)
(M Pa) 28 days – 32.5 (min)
Loss on Ignition (%) 3 (max)
 IS SPECIFICATIONS

• Ordinary Portland Cement of 43 grade was taken as the primary cement with all its
chemical and physical properties conforming to IS 8112 : 2013.
• Fine aggregates and coarse aggregates (20mm and 10mm) were selected and tested as
per IS 383 : 1970.
• MIX DESIGN (as per IS 10262 : 2009)
• Type of cement – OPC 43 grade.
• Maximum Nominal aggregate size – 20 mm.
• Minimum Cement Content - 310 kg/m3
• Maximum Cement Content - 540 kg/m3
• Maximum Water Cement Ratio - 0.55
• Workability - 25-50 mm (Slump)
• Exposure Condition - Mild
• Type of Aggregate - Crushed Angular Aggregate
• Type of fine aggregate - Normal river sand
• Type of vibration - Mechanical
 MIX PROPORTIONS
Grade Cement Fine Course Water w/c ratio
kg/m3 aggregate aggregate kg/m3
kg/m3 kg/m3
M20 338.2 641.07 1226 186 0.55

The mix design ratio is 1:1.9: 3.62: 0.55

 MIX PROPORTIONS FOR CONCRETE WITH
GGBFS
• Conventional Concrete – 1:1.9: 3.62: 0.55
• 30% replacement - 0.7:1.9: 3.62: 0.55
• 40% replacement - 0.6:1.9: 3.62: 0.55
• 50% replacement - 0.5:1.9: 3.62: 0.55
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
SI. no. % of COMPRESSIVE Compressive strength vs % of GGBFS
GGBS STRENGTH 60 52.49
(N/mm2)

Compressive strength (N/mm2)

50.11 48.12
46.2
50

28 days 90 days 40
33.3 35 36.42
32.2
30

20
1 0 33.3 46.2
10
2 30 35 50.11 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
3 40 36.42 52.49 % of GGBFS

4 50 32.2 48.12 28 days 90 days

 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
SI. no. % of SPLIT TENSILE SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH Vs % OF
GGBS STRENGTH GGBFS
(N/mm2)

SPLIT tensile strength (N/mm2)

5
3.85
28 days 90 days 43.5 3.6
3.05
3.57
2.69 2.85 2.75
3

1 0 2.69 3.5 2

1
2 30 2.85 3.6 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
3 40 3.05 3.85 % of GGBFS

4 50 2.75 3.57 28 days 90 days

 FLEXURAL TENSILE STRENGTH

F le x u r a l t e n s ile s t r e n g t h ( N /m m 2 )
SI. no. % of FLEXURAL
GGBS TENSILE
STRENGTH
(N/mm2)
F LEXURAL TENSILE STRENG TH Vs
28 days 90 days % OF GGBF S
9
7.77
8 7.05 6.8
6.51
1 0 5.21 6.51 7
5.21
6
5.6 5.82
5.3
5

2 30 5.60 7.05
4
3
2

3 40 5.82 7.77
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

% of ggbfs
4 50 5.3 6.8
28 days 90 days
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AFTER ACID
CURING
SI. no. % of COMPRESSIVE SI. no. % of COMPRESSIVE
GGBS STRENGTH GGBS STRENGTH
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
28 days 90 days 28 days 90 days
(5% (1% (5% (1%
H2SO4) H2SO4) HCL) HCL)
1 0 26.2 36.5 1 0 26.4 37.62
2 30 29.29 42.12 2 30 29.58 42.5
3 40 32.8 46.52 3 40 33.2 47.25
4 50 28.4 38.26 4 50 29.12 43.49
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AFTER 28 DAYS

28 days
35
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2)

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

% of GGBFS

5% H2SO4 5% HCL
 RESULTS

• At 40% replacement of cement by GGBS the concrete attained maximum compressive

strength.
• The split tensile strength is maximum at 40% of replacement.
• At 40% replacement, the flexural strength is maximum.
• At 40% replacement of GGBS the resistance power of concrete is more.

• The effect of HCl on strength of the concrete is lower than the effect of H 2SO4 on
strength of the concrete.
 RESULTS FROM OTHER JOURNAL

• The water absorption decreased with increasing replacement percentage by GGBFS.

• Electrical resistivity increased with increasing replacement percentage by GGBFS.

Journal - Journal of Advanced Research

Title - Properties of concrete containing GGBFS at
elevated temperatures.
Authors - Rafat Siddique and Deepinder Kaur
 RICE HUSK

• It is the agricultural waste generated from husk of paddy.

• 1000kg produces 200kg of rice husk, when incinerated gives 40kg(20%) of rice husk
ash which contains 80-85% of silica depending upon the temperature of incineration.
• This amorphous silica is directly proportional to the specific surface are of ash.
 PROCESS
• The rice husk is placed in a furnace and is burnt at an increasing rate of 200⁰C per hour
until it reaches required temperature of 650⁰C-700⁰C over a period of more than 3 hours
• The ash is then cooled and pulverized to a mean grain size less than 3.8μm.
• It is found that the amorphous silica content in RHA with Ca2+, OH ions and calcium
hydroxide during the cement hydration forms more calcium silicate hydrate gel (C–S–H)
that is known to contribute to the improvement in the strength and durability properties of
concrete.
• Si + O2 --------►SiO2

• C3S (Cement) + H2O -----------►CSH + Ca(OH)2

• SiO2 + Ca(OH)2 -----► CSH + SiO2

 COMPARISON OF CEMENT AND RHA
Content Cement RHA
SiO2 21.89 87.86
Al2O3 5.3 0.68 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Fe2O3 3.34 0.93 Color Dark Black
CaO 53.27 1.30 Specific gravity 0.18
MgO 6.45 0.35 Bulk density (Kg/m3)  90–150
SO3 3.67 - Specific surface (m2/Kg) 36.47
Fineness (m2/Kg) 99
Na2O 0.18 0.12
Mean grain size (μm) less than 3.8μm
K2O 0.98 2.37
Loss on ignition 3.21 -
 MIX PROPORTIONS AND CASTING OF
CONCRETE SPECIMENS
• Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) conforming to Indian standard code IS 8112-1995
was used
• Graded river sand passing through 1.18 mm sieve and crushed granite aggregate,
passing through 12.5 mm sieve while being retained on 4.75 mm sieve Conforming to
IS 383-1970 was used as coarse aggregate.
• Eight different proportions of concrete mixes (RHA ranging from 5% to 35% by
weight of cement) including the control mix were prepared with a water to binder
W/(C + RHA) ratio of 0.53 for a design cube compressive strength of 25 MPa
 MIX PROPORTION OF RHA BLENDED
CONCRETES
Mix RHA (%) Cement RHA Fine Coarse Water to binder
designation Aggregate aggregate ratio [C + RHA]
(kg/m3) (kg/m3)

R0 0 383 0
R1 5 364 19
R2 10 345 38
R3 15 326 57 575 1150 0.53
R4 20 306 77
R5 25 287 96
R6 30 268 115
R7 35 249 134
Mix designation COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2)
RHA (%)

50
7th Day 14th Day 28th Day 90th Day 45

40
R0 0 27.2 32.3 37.1 38.3
35
R1 5 27.6 34.2 40 40.3
30
R2 10 28 35.3 41.3 44.8
25
R3 15 29.3 36.0 41.8 45.7 0% RHA
20
R4 20 29.7 39.3 42.5 46.0 20%
15 RHA
R5 25 28.7 36.1 38.8 43.0 10

R6 30 27.4 33.5 37.6 38.7 5

0
R7 35 25.7 31.1 35.1 37.2 7th day 14th day 28th day 90th day
 RESULTS

• Comparison of the data for 7, 14, 28 and 90 days of curing time shows that the
compressive strength increases with RHA up to 20% and then at 30% RHA, the
compressive strength of concrete attains values equivalent to that of control concrete
specimens.
• At 35% RHA, the compressive strength decreases to a value which is lower than that
of control concrete.
• Therefore, 30% RHA seems to be the optimal limit.
FLY ASH

• Fly ash is a byproduct from burning

pulverized coal in electric power
generating plants.

• Fly ash chemically reacts with the

byproduct calcium hydroxide released by
the chemical reaction between cement and
water to form additional cementitious
products that improve many desirable
properties of concrete.
• During combustion, mineral impurities in the coal (clay, feldspar, quartz,
and shale) fuse in suspension and float out of the combustion chamber with
the exhaust gases.
• As the fused material rises, it cools and solidifies into spherical glassy
particles called fly ash.
• Fly ash is collected from the exhaust gases by electrostatic precipitators or
bag filters.
 PHYSICAL As per IS:3812-PART-1 CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES
Characteristic Results Obtained Characteristic Results Obtained
SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3 % 91.95
Fineness (m2/kg) 361.3
SiO2 % 58.66
Lime reactivity (MPa) 4.92
Al2O3 % 28.76
3. Compressive strength 81
(MPa)
Fe2O3 % 4.53

4. Drying shrinkage (%) 0.011

CaO % 1.58
MgO % 0.48
5. Autoclave expansion (%) 0.01

SO3 % 0.18

Alkalis (Na2Oeq) 0.78

Na2O % 0.14

K2O % 0.97

LOI (loss on ignition) % 2.00

[Link] MATERIALS SPECIFICATION
1. Cement 43 Grade

2. Fly-ash Class F-type

3. Coarse aggregate 20mm

4. Fine Aggregate Grading zone-1

5. Mix of Concrete M20 (1:1.5:3) Nominal Mix

6. Water-Cement Ratio 0.38

 TEST RESULTS OF MATERIALS.

Material Test Name Test results obtained from Material Test Name Test results obtained from
samples samples
(Average value) (Average value)

cement Fineness 0.547% Coarse aggregate Gradation 3.047

Standard (Fineness modulus)
consistency 30%
Aggregate crushing
Setting time Initial setting time = 2 hrs. value
and 55 min. 16.08%
Final setting time = 5 hrs.
and 35 min
Sieve analysis
Soundness Fine aggregates
(Average expansion 1.67mm Grading zone = Zone-1
value) (Well graded Sand)
Curve conforming to
IS:383-1970
 MIX PROPORTIONS

• Quantity of cement in concrete is re-placed with fly ash in 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25
and 30%
• Conventional concrete:1:1.5:3
• 5% replacement-0.95:1.5:3
• 10% replacement-0.90:1.5:3
• 15% replacement-0.85:1.5:3
• 20% replacement-0.80:1.5:3
• 25% replacement-0.75:1.5:3
• 30% replacement-0.70:1.5:3
 TEST ON CONCRETE
7 DAYS STRENGTH COMPARISON OF NORMAL AND FLY-ASH CONCRETES.
(N/MM2)

Type of concrete Compressive strength Flexural strength Split tensile strength

Normal concrete 17.23 3.87 1.71

5% fly-ash concrete 23.22 4.12 1.87
10% fly-ash concrete 23.20 4.10 1.96
15% fly-ash concrete 21.22 4.02 1.82
20% fly-ash concrete 17.12 3.27 1.51
25% fly-ash concrete 15.12 2.89 1.23
30% fly-ash concrete 11.19 2.81 1.20
 28 DAYS STRENGTH COMPARISON OF NORMAL AND FLY-ASH CONCRETES
(N/MM2)

Type of concrete Compressive strength Flexural strength Split tensile strength

Normal concrete 25.21 5.22 2.43

5% fly-ash concrete 32.58 8.87 2.76
10% fly-ash concrete 32.26 8.25 2.86
15% fly-ash concrete 31.90 8.16 2.76
20% fly-ash concrete 27.18 7.46 2.39
25% fly-ash concrete 24.18 6.26 2.12
30% fly-ash concrete 23.28 4.21 2.07
COMPARISON OF 7 DAYS AND 28 DAYS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF NORMAL AND FLY-ASH
CONCRETE.

Comparison chart
35
32.58 32.26 31.9

30
27.18
25.21
25 24.18
23.22 23.2 23.28
21.22
20
17.23 17.12
15.12
15
11.19
10

0
Normal 5% Fly-Ash 10% Fly-Ash 15% Fly-Ash 20% Fly-Ash 25% Fly-Ash 30% Fly-Ash

7 day compressive strength(N/mm2) 28 day compressive strength(N/mm2)

COMPARISON OF 7 DAYS AND 28 DAYS FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF NORMAL AND FLY-ASH
CONCRETE

Comparison chart
10
8.87
9
8.25 8.16
8 7.46

7
6.26
6
5.22
5
4.12 4.1 4.02 4.21
3.87
4
3.27
2.89 2.81
3

0
Normal 5% Fly-Ash 10% Fly-Ash 15% Fly-Ash 20% Fly-Ash 25% Fly-Ash 30% Fly-Ash

7 day Flexural strength (N/mm2) 28 day Flexural strength (N/mm2)

COMPARISON OF 7 DAYS AND 28 DAYS SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH OF NORMAL AND
FLY-ASH CONCRETE

Comparison chart
3.5

3 2.86
2.76 2.76

2.5 2.43 2.39

2.12 2.07
1.96
2 1.87 1.82
1.71
1.51
1.5
1.23 1.2

0.5

0
Normal 5% Fly-Ash 10% Fly-Ash 15% Fly-Ash 20% Fly-Ash 25% Fly-Ash 30% Fly-Ash

7 day split tensile strength (N/mm2) 28 days split tensile strength (N/mm2)
 APPLICATIONS OF FLY ASH

Fly ash in concrete

• In commercial practice, the dosage of fly ash is limited to 15%-30% by mass of the total
cementations material Usually, this amount has a beneficial effect on the workability and cost
economy of concrete.
• To sufficiently improve the durability to sulfate attack, alkali-silica expansion, and thermal
cracking. For this purpose, larger amounts of fly ash, on the order of 25%-35% are being used.

Source: Marcela Ondova, Alena Sicakova. review of current trends in ways of fly ash application, 14th international
multidisciplinary scientific geoconference sgem 2014
Fly ash in concrete road pavement
• One option to using modern concrete HVFA (High volume fly ash) is their application in highway
engineering.
• The concrete road has been constructed using 50% fly ash (Class F) and 50% cement and achieved
28 - day compressive and flexural strengths of the concrete HVFA were 41.6 and 7.6 MPa.

Fly ash in geopolymers

• Low calcium fly ash based geopolymer manufactured with different activators have shown high
compressive strengths and excellent performance when exposed to different acid and sulphate
solutions.
• Low-calcium (Class F) fly ash is preferred as a source material than high-calcium (Class C) fly
ash. The presence of calcium in high amounts may interfere with the polymerization process and
alter the microstructure.

Source: Marcela Ondova, Alena Sicakova. review of current trends in ways of fly ash application, 14th international
multidisciplinary scientific geoconference sgem 2014
• Low-calcium fly ash has been successfully used to manufacture geopolymer concrete when the
silicon and aluminum oxides constituted about 80% by mass, with the Si-to-Al ratio of about 2.
The particle size distribution tests revealed that 80% of the fly ash particles were smaller than
50 mm
• Heat-cured low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete offers several economic benefits
over Portland cement concrete.
• The price of one ton of fly ash is only a small fraction of the price of one ton of Portland
cement. Therefore, after allowing for the price of alkaline liquids needed to the make the
geopolymer concrete, the price of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete is estimated to be about 10
to 30 percent cheaper than that of Portland cement concrete.

Source: Marcela Ondova, Alena Sicakova. review of current trends in ways of fly ash application, 14th international
multidisciplinary scientific geoconference sgem 2014
RESULTS

• Test comparisons show that partial replacement of cement between 10% to 15 % show a
maximum Efficiency in increasing the strength and other properties of concrete and hence
it can be concluded that the optimum percentage of fly-ash by which cement should be
replaced lies between 10% to 15%.
• Utilization of fly-ash in concrete has provided an excellent means of disposal of fly-ash
which has adverse environmental impacts
 REFERENCES
• Effect of rice husk ash on high strength concrete - Muhammad Shoaib Ismail and A. M. WaliuddintS.

• Effects of Fly Ash and Ground Granulated Blast-Furnaces Slag on Properties of High-Strength Concrete- Ji
Liang Wang, Kai Min Niu, Zhi Feng Yang, Ming Kai Zhou, Li Qun Sun, Guo Ju Ke

• Properties of concrete containing ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) at elevated temperatures -
Rafat Siddique , Deepinder Kaur

• Assessment of the effects of rice husk ash particle size on strength, water permeability and workability of
binary blended concrete Alireza Naji Givi , Suraya Abdul Rashid , Farah Nora A. Aziz , Mohamad Amran
Mohd Salleh b

• Rice husk ash blended cement: Assessment of optimal level of replacement for strength and permeability
properties of concrete K. Ganesan , K. Rajagopal, K. Thangavel.

• Mechanical and electromagnetic performance of cement based composites containing different replacement
levels of ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, silica fume and rice husk ash. Murat Ozturka,
Muharrem Karaaslanb, Oguzhan Akgolb, Umur Korkut Sevima