PLANTS FORM AND
FUNCTION
ANGIOSPERMS HAVE SHOOT SYSTEMS AND ROOT
SYSTEMS
SHOOT SYSTEM
[Link] – SUPPORT OF UPRIGHT GROWTH AND
CONDUCTION
[Link] – PHOTOSYNTHETIC
[Link]- REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES THAT ATTRACT
POLLINATORS
ROOT SYSTEM
ROOTS – ABSORB WATER AND DISSOLVED NUTRIENTS
AND ANCHORAGE
- STORES FOOD
CELL TYPES AND TISSUES
[Link] TISSUE- BULK OF THE PLANT BODY;
FUNCTIONS FOR FOOD AND WATER STORAGE
[Link] TISSUE – CONDUCTING TISSUES
[Link] TISSUE- COVERS AND PROTECTS PLANT
SURFACES
MERISTEMS – LOCALIZED REGIONS OF DIVIDING CELLS
[Link] MERISTEMS – SHOOT AND ROOTS; FOR
LENGTHENING;FORMS THE PROTODERM-EPIDERMIS,
GROUND MERISTEM- GROUND TISSUE AND
PROCAMBIUM-PRIMARY VASCULAR TISSUE.
[Link] MERISTEM –OLDER STEMS AND ROOTS;
INCREASE IN GIRTH;FORMS THE VASCULAR CAMBIUM-
SECONDARY VASCULAR TISSUES AND CORK CAMBIUM-
PERIDERM
CELL TYPES AND TISSUES
[Link] TISSUE- BULK OF THE PLANT BODY;
FUNCTIONS FOR FOOD AND WATER STORAGE
[Link] TISSUE – CONDUCTING TISSUES
[Link] TISSUE- COVERS AND PROTECTS PLANT
SURFACES
MERISTEMS – LOCALIZED REGIONS OF DIVIDING CELLS
[Link] MERISTEMS – SHOOT AND ROOTS; FOR
LENGTHENING;FORMS THE PROTODERM-EPIDERMIS,
GROUND MERISTEM- GROUND TISSUE AND
PROCAMBIUM-PRIMARY VASCULAR TISSUE.
[Link] MERISTEM –OLDER STEMS AND ROOTS;
INCREASE IN GIRTH;FORMS THE VASCULAR CAMBIUM-
SECONDARY VASCULAR TISSUES AND CORK CAMBIUM-
PERIDERM
TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES
[Link] –COMPOSED OF ONE TYPE
OF CELL
[Link] CELLS – THIN-
WALLED AND MANY SIDES CELLS;
MATURE CELLS ARE CAPABLE OF
DIVIDING;INVOLVED IN
PHOTOSYNTHESIS, STORAGE AND
SECRETION
[Link] CELLS – THICK
UNEVEN CELL WALL GLUED
TOGETHER BY PECTIN; FLEXIBLE
SUPPORT TO PRIMARY TISSUES.
[Link] CELLS – LIGNIN-
IMPREGNATED THICK CELL WALL;
SUPPORT OF MATUE PLANTS AND
PROTECTION OF SEEDS;CAN
EITHER BE FIBERS (LONG AND
TAPERED) OR SCLEREIDS
(STUBBIER).
2. Complex – composed of variety of cells
[Link] tissues
A1. Xylem – conducts water and dissolved
minerals
A2. Phloem – conducts sugars and other
solutes
B. Dermal Tissues
B1. Epidermis – single layer of cells cover
by waxy cuticle that prevent water loss;
replaced by periderm
B2. Periderm – with secondary growth
ORGANS AND PROCESSES PRIMARY
STRUCTURE OF SHOOTS
1. STEM
Stems support flowers and leaves and provide
transportation within the plant.
A young stem or twig of a flowering plant is marked by
the presence of nodes, the points on a stem where a
leaf or leaves are attached. The intervals between the
nodes are called internodes. Although the root and
stem share many common structural features, the root
bears no appendages comparable to leaves, and
consequently, has no nodes or internodes.
STRUCTURAL TYPES OF STEM
2. LEAF
• - a metabolic factory equipped with many
photosynthetic cells
Simple leaves have a single blade.
•tip - the terminal point of the leaf.
•blade - the flattened, green, expanded portion of
a leaf.
•margin - edge of a leaf.
•midrib - the most prominent central vein in a
leaf.
•lateral veins - secondary veins in a leaf.
•petiole - the leaf stalk (connects blade to stem).
•stipules - leaf-like appendages (at the base of
the petiole of some leaves). They may protect the
young leaf and may be modified into spines or
tendrils.
Upper and lower epidermis – composed of
definitely shaped thick walled epidermal cells
Stomates – breathing organs of the leaves; found
in lower epidermis
Stoma – pair of sausage-shaped cells containing
chloroplasts
Mesophyll – in between the epidermal
layers;composed of palisade layer and spongy
layer
Palisade layer – contains one or more layers of
closely packed tubular cells
Spongy layer – irregularly shaped cells with fewer
chloroplasts bodies
LEAF ARRANGEMENT
ARRANGEMENT ON THE STEM
LEAF MARGINS
LEAF SHAPES
LEAF VENATION
THE ROOTS
• 2 ROOT SYSTEMS
[Link] – typical among dicots where the
primary root has the largest diameter and from its
epidermis arise the lateral roots
[Link] ROOTS – short borne roots
(adventitious) arise from the young plants stem
and eventually where all the lateral roots arise;
common in monocots; same diameter of roots
Water absorption by roots is basically an osmotic
process. As roots transport mineral nutrients into
their xylem, the solute concentration in the xylem
increases. This causes osmosis of water from the
soil into the xylem through all layers of cell
membranes.
Transpiration pull, caused by evaporation of water
from the leaves, removes water from the root xylem
causing water to move into the root from the soil.
•Root cap region - functions to protect the apical
meristem and to penetrate the soil as the root
elongates.
•Apical meristem region - the growth region of the
root. The lower side produces new root cap cells s old
ones are rubbed off. The upper side produces new
growth cells for root growth.
•Elongation region - cells produced in the apical
meristem begin to elongate, producing an increase
in the length of the root. Most of the growth in length
of the root occurs here.
•Root hair region - as cells reach their maximum
length, many epidermal cells develop lateral
protrusions called root hairs. These serve to
increase surface area for better absorption.
•Mature region - the region where cork begins to
replace epidermal cells. This greatly reduces the
ability of this area of the root to absorb water and
minerals. Root hairs are not replaced in this area
when lost.
Endodermis - the inner layer of the cortex.
This selectively permeable layer filters
absorbed soil water passing through the
cells to the xylem.
•Cortex - serves as an area for food
storage.
•Epidermis - a single layer of fatty cells
serving to protect the cells beneath.
STRUCTURAL TYPES OF ROOTS