Engineering Mechanics I: Statics
(CEng 2051) Semester I 2020/2021 G.C.
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona.A
Chapter II
Force
System.
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona.A
Introduction
• A force can be defined as the action of one body on
another that changes/tends to changes the state of the
body acted on.
• A force can be applied on a body as;
Contact force:-Applied by direct mechanical contact
of the acting body on the acted one (Created by
push and pull).
Remote action (Body force):-Applied by remote action
as in gravitational, electrical, Magnetic, etc forces.
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona.A
Introduction Cont…
• Categories of force depending on their
arrangement in space.
Coplanar Forces:- are forces which act on the
same plane.
Non coplanar forces:- are forces which act on
different planes
» Non coplanar parallel forces
» Non-coplanar concurrent forces
» General Non coplanar force
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona.A
Introduction Cont…
• Non Coplanar Parallel forces:- is system of
non planar forces but which are parallel.
• Non Coplanar Concurrent forces:- are non
planar forces whose lines of action meet at
a point.
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Introduction Cont…
• General Non Coplanar forces.
• Categories depending on their
arrangement in plane
Coplanar collinear forces
Coplanar parallel forces
Coplanar concurrent forces
General coplanar forces
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Introduction Cont…
• Coplanar collinear forces:- are coplanar
forces acting on the same line-collinear.
• Coplanar parallel forces:- Are forces which
are on the same plane and parallel
• Coplanar concurrent forces:- Are forces on
the same plane whose lines of action
intersect at a point.
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Introduction Cont…
• General coplanar
forces
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Composition and Resolution of Forces.
Vector Addition – graphical method Cont…
The parallelogram law-resultant force
Two forces maybe replaced by a single force
(resultant) obtained by drawing the diagonal
of the parallelogram having sides equal to the
given forces.
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics .
Vector Addition – Graphical method
Cont…
The triangle rule (from parallelogram law)
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Vector Addition – Analytic Method
• Trigonometric rules
• applying sine and cosine rules
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics .
Resolution of Forces (Decomposition).
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Force Systems
Part A: Two Dimensional Force Systems
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics .
Rectangular Components.
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Components of Force
Examples
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Example 2.1 (problem 2/1)6th
The force F has a
magnitude of 800 N.
Express F as a vector in
terms of the unit vectors i
and j. Identify the x and y
scalar components of F.
Example 2.2
The link is subjected to two
forces F1 and F2. Determine
the magnitude and direction
of the resultant force.
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Example 2.3 ( Sample Problem 2/1)6th
Determine the x and y scalar components of each of the
three forces
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics .
Rectangular components
Unit vectors
•
y n = Unit vector in direction of V
j
n
V Vxˆi Vy ˆj Vx ˆ Vy
Vy n i ˆj
V V V V
qy
qx x c o s xˆi c o s y ˆj
Vx
WU, Department of Civil Engineering
Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Example 2.4 (Problem 2/4) 6th
The line of action of the 34-kN force runs through the
points A and B as shown in the figure.
(a) Determine the x and y scalar component of F.
(b) Write F in vector form.
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Moment
o In addition to tendency to move a body
in the direction of its application, a
force tends to rotate a body about an
axis.
o The axis is any line which neither
intersects nor is parallel to the line of
action
o This rotational tendency is known as
the moment M of the force
Proportional to force F and the
perpendicular distance from the axis to
the line of action of the force d
The magnitude of M is M = Fd
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Moment
o The moment is a vector M perpendicular
to the plane of the body.
o Sense of M is determined by the right-
hand rule
Direction of the thumb = arrowhead
Fingers curled in the direction of the
rotational tendency
In a given plane (2D),we may speak of
moment about a point which means
moment with respect to an axis normal to
the plane and passing through the point.
+, - signs are used for moment directions –
must be consistent throughout the problem!
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Moment
A vector approach for moment
calculations is proper for 3D problems.
Moment of F about point A maybe
represented by the cross-product
M=rxF
where r = a position vector from point A
to any point on the line of action of F
M = Fr sin a = Fd
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics .
Moment
Varignon’s Theorem (Principle of Moments)
Moment of a Force about a point is equal to the sum of the
moments of the force’s components about the point.
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Example 2.5( Sample problem 2/5)6th
Calculate the magnitude of the
moment about the base point O of
the 600-N force by using both
scalar and vector approaches.
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Example 2.6 (Problem 2/50)6th
(a) Calculate the moment of the 90-
N force about point O for the
condition q = 15º.
(b) Determine the value of q for
which the moment about O is (b.1)
zero (b.2) a maximum
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Couple
Moment produced by two equal, opposite, and
non-collinear forces = couple
Moment of a couple has the same value for
all moment center
M = F(a+d) – Fa = Fd
Vector approach
Couple M is a free vector
M = rA x F + rB x (-F) = (rA - rB) x F = r x F
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Couple: Example
Moment required to turn the shaft connected at
center of the wheel = 12 Nm
Case I: Couple Moment produced by 40 N
forces = 12 Nm
Case II: Couple Moment produced by 30 N
forces = 12 Nm
If only one hand is used?
Force required for case I is 80N
Force required for case II is 60N
What if the shaft is not connected at the center
of the wheel?
Is it a Free Vector?
Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Couple
Equivalent couples
Change of values F and d
Force in different directions but parallel plane
Product Fd remains the same
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Force-Couple Systems
Replacement of a force by a force and a couple
Force F is replaced by a parallel force F and a
counterclockwise couple Fd
Example 2.7 (Sample Problem 2/8)6th
Replace the horizontal 400-N force acting on the lever by an
equivalent system consisting of a force at O and a couple.
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
Example 2.8 (problem 2/67) 5th
The wrench is subjected to the 200-N force and the
force P as shown. If the equivalent of the two forces is
a force R at O and a couple expressed as the vector M
= 20 kN.m, determine the vector expressions for P and
R
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
Resultants
The simplest force combination
which can replace the original
forces without changing the
external effect on the rigid body
Resultant = a force-couple system
R F1 F2 F3 F
Rx Fx , Ry Fy , R (Fx )2 (Fy )2
-1 Ry
= ta n
Rx
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Resultants
Choose a reference point (point O) and
move all forces to that point
Add all forces at O to form the resultant
force R and add all moment to form the
resultant couple MO
Find the line of action of R by requiring
R to have a moment of MO
R F
MO M (Fd )
Rd = MO
WU, Department of Civil Engineering
Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Example 2.9 (Problem 2/87)6th
Replace the three forces acting on the bent pipe by a
single equivalent force R. Specify the distance x from
point O to the point on the x-axis through which the line
of action of R passes.
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
Force Systems
Part B: Three Dimensional Force Systems
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Rectangular components in 3D
Rectangular components in 3D
• Express in terms of unit vectors , , î ˆj k̂
F Fxˆi Fy ˆj Fk
z
ˆ
Fx Fc o s x , Fy Fc o s y , Fz Fc o s z
F Fx 2 Fy 2 Fz 2
• cosqx, cosqy , cosqz are the direction
cosines
• cosqx = l, cosqy = m, cosq z= n
F F(liˆ m ˆj n kˆ )
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
Rectangular components in 3D
• If the coordinates of points A and
B on the line of action are known,
AB ( x 2 x1)ˆi (y 2 y 1)ˆj ( z 2 z1)kˆ
F Fn F F F
AB ( x 2 x1)2 (y 2 y 1)2 ( z 2 z1)2
• If two angles and which orient the
line of action of the force are
known,
Fxy Fc o s , Fz Fsin
Fx Fc o s c o s , Fy Fc o s sin
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
Example 2.10 (Problem 2/98)5th
The cable exerts a tension of 2 kN on the fixed
bracket at A. Write the vector expression for the
tension T.
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Dot product
•
The dot product of two vectors P and Q, Fig.a, is defined as the
product of their magnitudes times the cosine of the angle
between them. It is written as
•
We can view this product either as the orthogonal projection P
cos of P in the direction of Q multiplied by Q, or as the
orthogonal projection Q cos of Q in the direction of P
multiplied by P. In either case the dot product of the two vectors
is a scalar quantity. Thus, for instance, we can express the scalar
component Fx =Fcosof the force Fx.i where i is the unit vector
in the x-direction.
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
Example 2.11 (Problem 2/98)5th
Find the projection of T along the line OA
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona.A
Moment and Couple
Moment of force F about the axis through
point O is
MO = r x F
r runs from O to any point on the line of action of F
Point O and force F establish a plane A
The vector Mo is normal to the plane in the direction
established by the right-hand rule
Evaluating the cross product
ˆi ˆj kˆ
MO rx ry rz
Fx Fy Fz
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
Moment and Couple
Moment about an arbitrary axis
M (r F n )n
known as triple scalar product (see appendix C/7)
The triple scalar product may be represented by
the determinant
rx ry rz
M M Fx Fy Fz
l m n
where l, m, n are the direction cosines of the unit vector
n
WU, Department of Civil Engineering
Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona.A
Example 2.12(Sample Problem 2/10)5th
A tension T of magnitude 10kN is
applied to the cable attached to the top
A of the rigid mast and secured to the
ground at B. Determine the moment
Mz of T about the z-axis passing
through the base O.
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
Couple
If the vector r joins any point B on the
line of action of – F to any point A on
the line of action of F. The combined
moment (couple) of the two forces
about O is;
However, , so that all references to the
moment center O disappears, and the moment of the
couple becomes
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
Couple
The moment of the couple, M=rxF. It is the same about
all points. Thus,
o The moment of the couple is a free vector, where as
the moment of a force about a point is a sliding vector
whose direction is along the axis through the point.
o A couple tends to produce a pure rotation of the body
about an axis normal to the plane of the forces which
constitute the couple.
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
Force-Couple System
The force F at point A is replaced by an equal force F at
point B and the couple M=rxF.
o Couple vectors obey all of the rules, which govern
vector quantity.
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
Resultants
A force system can be reduced to a resultant force and a
resultant couple
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Wrench Resultants
Any general force systems can be represented by a
wrench
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
Example 2.13 (Problem 2/143) 5th
Replace the two forces and single couple by an
equivalent force-couple system at point A
Determine the wrench resultant and the coordinate in
the xy plane through which the resultant force of the
wrench acts
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
Wrench Resultants
Special cases
• Concurrent forces – no moments about point of
concurrency
• Coplanar forces – 2D
• Parallel forces (not in the same plane) – magnitude of
resultant = algebraic sum of the forces
• Wrench resultant – resultant couple M is parallel to
the resultant force R
• Example of positive wrench = screw driver
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona A.
Example 2.14 (Problem 2/142) 5th
Replace the resultant of the force system acting on the
pipe assembly by a single force R at A and a couple M
Determine the wrench resultant and the coordinate in
the xy plane through which the resultant force of the
wrench acts
WU, Department of Civil Engineering
Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona.A
End
Thank You for your attention.
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Engineering Mechanics: Statics Nimona.A
