NETWORKING

•IP

•PING

•TRACERT
•IPCONFIG

•PUBLICIP
•PRIVATE IP
•IPV4

•IPV6

•CLASSES OF IP
•DHCP

•DNS
•TCP

•UDP

•LAYERS OF OSI
IP (INTERNET PROTOCOL)
 IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of
rules governing the format of data sent via the
internet or local network. In essence, IP addresses
are the identifier that allows information to be sent
between devices on a network: they contain location
information and make devices accessible for
communication
 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) defines an IP

address as a 32-bit [Link], because of the

growth of the Internet and the depletion of available
IPv4 addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6), using 128
bits for the IP address, was standardized in 1998.
PING
 Ping is a computer network administration software
utility used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet
Protocol (IP) network. It is available for virtually all operating
systems that have networking capability, including most
embedded network administration software.
Tracert
 Traceroute (redirect from Tracert)
 In computing, traceroute and tracert are

computer network diagnostic commands for

displaying possible routes (paths) and
measuring transit delays of packets
IPCONFIG
 The ipconfig command supports the command-line switch /all. This
results in more detailed information than ipconfig alone.
 An important additional feature of ipconfig is to force refreshing of
the DHCP IP address of the host computer to request a different IP
address.
PUBLIC IP
 These are public (global) addresses that are
used on the Internet. A public IP address is
an IP address that is used to access the
Internet. Public IP addresses can be routed on
the Internet, unlike private addresses.
 When you go to delete a machine, you are

given the option to simultaneously remove its

associated Public IP.
PRIVATE IP
 A private network is a computer network that
uses private IP address space. Both the IPv4 and
the IPv6 specifications define private IP
address ranges.
 These addresses are commonly used for local

area networks (LANs) in residential, office, and

enterprise environments.
 Private network addresses are not allocated to

any specific organization. Anyone may use

these addresses without approval from regional
or local Internet registries.
IP4(Internet Protocol version 4)
 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth
version of the Internet Protocol (IP). It is one of the
core protocols of standards-
based internetworking methods in the Internet and
other packet-switched networks. 
 IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses which limits

the address space to 4294967296 (232) addresses.

 IPv4 reserves special address blocks for private

networks (~18 million addresses)

and multicast addresses (~270 million addresses).
IP6(Internet Protocol version 6)
 Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent
version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications
protocol that provides an identification and location
system for computers on networks and routes traffic
across the Internet. 
  IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task

Force (IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem

of IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 is intended to
replace IPv4.
 IPv6 also implements features not present in IPv4. It

simplifies aspects of address configuration, network

renumbering, and router announcements when changing
network connectivity providers.
 CLASSES OF IP
CLASS LEADING SIZE OF SIZE NUMBER ADDRESSE TOTAL START END
BITS NETWORK OF REST OF S ADDRESSE ADDRESS ADDRESS
NUMBER BIT NETWORKS PER S
BIT FIELD FIELD NETWORK IN CLASS

Class 0 8 24 128 (27)  16,77 2,147, [Link] 127.2

A 7,216 483,64 55.25
(224) 8 (231) 5.255
Class 10 16 16 16,384 65,536 1,073, 128.0. 191.2
B (214) (216) 741,82 0.0 55.25
4 (230) 5.255
Class 110 24 8 2,097,152 256 536,87 192.0. 223.2
C (221) (28) 0,912 0.0 55.25
(229) 5.255
Class D
(multicast) 1110 NOT
DEFINED
NOT
DEFINED
NOT
DEFINED
NOT
DEFINED
 268,4 224.0. 239.2
35,456 0.0 55.25
(228) 5.255
CLASSES OF IP
 Class A 
 In a Class A network, the first eight bits, or the first

dotted decimal, is the network part of the address, with

the remaining part of the address being the host part of
the address. There are 128 possible Class A networks.
 Class B
 In a Class B network, the first 16 bits are the network

part of the address. All Class B networks have their first

bit set to 1 and the second bit set to 0. In dotted decimal
notation, that makes [Link] to [Link] as Class B
networks. There are 16,384 possible Class B networks.
CLASSES OF IP
 Class C
 In a Class C network, the first two bits are set to 1, and the third bit is
set to 0. That makes the first 24 bits of the address the network
address and the remainder as the host address. Class C network
addresses range from [Link] to [Link]. There are over 2
million possible Class C networks.
 Class D
 Class D addresses are used for multicasting applications. Unlike the
previous classes, the Class D is not used for "normal" networking
operations. Class D addresses have their first three bits set to “1” and
their fourth bit set to “0”. Class D addresses are 32-bit network
addresses, meaning that all the values within the range of [Link] –
[Link] are used to uniquely identify multicast groups. There
are no host addresses within the Class D address space, since all the
hosts within a group share the group’s IP address for receiver purposes.
CLASSES OF IP
 Class E
 Class E networks are defined by having the first
four network address bits as 1. That encompasses
addresses from [Link] to [Link].
While this class is reserved, its usage was never
defined. As a result, most network implementations
discard these addresses as illegal or undefined. The
exception is [Link], which is used as a
broadcast address.
DHCP
 The Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP) is a network management
protocol used on Internet Protocol (IP) networks
for automatically assigning IP addresses and
other communication parameters to devices
connected to the network using a client–
server architecture.
 DHCP can be implemented on networks ranging
in size from residential networks to
large campus networks and regional ISP
networks
DNS
 The Domain Name System (DNS) is
a hierarchical and decentralized naming system for
computers, services, or other resources connected to
the Internet or a private network. It associates various
information with domain names assigned to each of the
participating entities. Most prominently, it translates more
readily memorized domain names to the numerical IP
addresses needed for locating and identifying computer
services and devices with the underlying network protocols. 
 Domain Name System is that it serves as the phone book for
the Internet by translating human-friendly
computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, the
domain name [Link] translates to the addresses.
TCP
 TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol.
It is a transport layer protocol that facilitates
the transmission of packets from source to
destination. It is a connection-oriented protocol
that means it establishes the connection prior
to the communication that occurs between the
computing devices in a network.
 TCP is connection-oriented, and a connection
between client and server is established before
data can be sent. 
UDP
 UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a communications
protocol that is primarily used for establishing low-
latency and loss-tolerating connections between
applications on the internet. It speeds up
transmissions by enabling the transfer of data before
an agreement is provided by the receiving party.
 UDP uses a simple connectionless

communication model with a minimum of protocol

mechanisms. UDP provides checksums for data
integrity, and port numbers for addressing different
functions at the source and destination of the
datagram.
LAYERS OF OSI 
 1. Physical Layer (Layer 1) :
 The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the physical

layer. It is responsible for the actual physical connection

between the devices. The physical layer contains information
in the form of bits. It is responsible for transmitting individual
bits from one node to the next. When receiving data, this
layer will get the signal received and convert it into 0s and 1s
and send them to the Data Link layer, which will put the
frame back together.
 The physical layer provides the synchronization of the bits by

providing a clock. This clock controls both sender and

receiver thus providing synchronization at bit level.
 The Physical layer also defines the transmission rate i.e. the

number of bits sent per second.

LAYERS OF OSI 
 2. Data Link Layer (DLL) (Layer 2) :
 The data link layer is responsible for the node to node

delivery of the message. The main function of this layer is to

make sure data transfer is error-free from one node to
another, over the physical layer. When a packet arrives in a
network, it is the responsibility of DLL to transmit it to the
Host using its MAC address.
 Framing is a function of the data link layer. It provides a way

for a sender to transmit a set of bits that are meaningful to

the receiver. This can be accomplished by attaching special
bit patterns to the beginning and end of the frame. After
creating frames, Data link layer adds physical addresses (MAC
address) of sender and/or receiver in the header of each
frame.
LAYERS OF OSI 
 3. Network Layer (Layer 3) :
 Network layer works for the transmission of data from one host to

the other located in different networks. It also takes care of

packet routing i.e. selection of the shortest path to transmit the
packet, from the number of routes available. The sender &
receiver’s IP address are placed in the header by the network
layer.
 Routing: The network layer protocols determine which route is

suitable from source to destination. This function of network layer

is known as routing.
 Logical Addressing: In order to identify each device on

internetwork uniquely, network layer defines an addressing

scheme. The sender & receiver’s IP address are placed in the
header by network layer. Such an address distinguishes each
device uniquely and universally.
LAYERS OF OSI 
 4. Transport Layer (Layer 4) :
 Transport layer provides services to application layer and takes services
from network layer. The data in the transport layer is referred to
as Segments. It is responsible for the End to End Delivery of the complete
message. The transport layer also provides the acknowledgement of the
successful data transmission and re-transmits the data if an error is found.
 • At sender’s side:
Transport layer receives the formatted data from the upper layers,
performs Segmentation and also implements Flow & Error control to ensure
proper data transmission. It also adds Source and Destination port number
in its header and forwards the segmented data to the Network Layer.
 • At receiver’s side:
Transport Layer reads the port number from its header and forwards the
Data which it has received to the respective application. It also performs
sequencing and reassembling of the segmented data.
LAYERS OF OSI 
 5. Session Layer (Layer 5) :
 This layer is responsible for establishment of connection,
maintenance of sessions, authentication and also ensures security.
The functions of the session layer are :
 Session establishment, maintenance and termination: The layer
allows the two processes to establish, use and terminate a
connection.
 Synchronization : This layer allows a process to add checkpoints
which are considered as synchronization points into the data.
These synchronization point help to identify the error so that the
data is re-synchronized properly, and ends of the messages are not
cut prematurely and data loss is avoided.
 Dialog Controller : The session layer allows two systems to start
communication with each other in half-duplex or full-duplex.
LAYERS OF OSI 
 Presentation Layer (Layer 6) :
 Presentation layer is also called the Translation [Link]
data from the application layer is extracted here and
manipulated as per the required format to transmit over
the network.
 Translation : For example, ASCII to EBCDIC.
 Encryption/ Decryption : Data encryption translates the
data into another form or code. The encrypted data is
known as the cipher text and the decrypted data is known
as plain text. A key value is used for encrypting as well as
decrypting data.
 Compression: Reduces the number of bits that need to be
transmitted on the network.
LAYERS OF OSI 
 Application Layer (Layer 7) :
 At the very top of the OSI Reference Model stack of layers,

we find Application layer which is implemented by the

network applications. These applications produce the data,
which has to be transferred over the network. This layer
also serves as a window for the application services to
access the network and for displaying the received
information to the user.
 The functions of the Application layer are :
 Network Virtual Terminal
 FTAM-File transfer access and management
 Mail Services
 Directory Services
THANK YOU

PRESENTED BY:
UMASANKAR JENA