FUNDAMENTALS OF
BIOSTATISTICS
8.3
Critical Region in Testing Hypothesis
Level of Significance One Tailed Test Two tailed test
Left - Tailed Right - Tailed
Some Terminologies To Remember
Test Statistic : The statistic is used as a basis for deciding whether the null
hypothesis should be rejected
Rejection Region : The set of values of the test statistic that leads to rejection of
the null hypothesis.
Non – Rejection region : The set of the test statistic that lads to non – rejection
of the null hypothesis
Critical value : The values of the test statistic that separate the rejection and non
– rejection regions.
8.9 A hypothesis Testing Procedure
1. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis
2. Decide the Level of significance, α.
3. Choose the appropriate test statistic.
4. Establish the critical region.
5. Compute the value of the statistical test.
6. Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
7. Draw a conclusion
A. Hypothesis means
•
Where:
z = z- test value
= sampe mean
µ = Population mean
σ = population standard deviation
s = sample standard deviation
n = number of cases greater that or equal to 30
Probem 1
The treasurer of a certain university claims hat the mean
monthly salary of their college professor is Php 21,750 with
a standard deviation of Php 6,000. A researcher takes a
random sample of 75 college professors were found to have
a men monthly salary of Php 19,375. Do the 75 college
professors have the lower salaries that the rest? Test claim at
α = .05 level of significance.
Step 1
Formulate the null and alternative hyphotesis
Ho: the mean monthly salary of the college professors is Php
21,750 ( µ = Php 21,750 )
Ha: The mean monthly salary of the college professors is lower or
less than Php 21,750 . ( µ = Php 21,750 )
Step 2
Decide the Level of significance, α.
α = .05
Step 3
Choose the appropriate test statistic.
One tailed test is used because the Ha is Directional.
Step 4
Establish the critical region.
The tabular value or critical value af z at 0.05 level of significance is +-
1.645
Step 5
•Compute
the value of the statistical test.
Compute the value of z.
Given: = Php 19,375 µ = Php 21,750 σ = Php 6,000 n = 75
Step 6
Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
The computed value of z = -3.43 lies under the rejection region, therefore
reject Ho and accept Ha
Step 7
Draw a conclusion
There is a significant difference between the salaries of college professors
have lower salaries than the rest.
Problem 2
The mean weight of the baggage carried into an airplane by individual
passengers at Tuguegarao City Airport is 19.8 kilograms. A statistician takes
the random sample of 110 passengers and obtain a sample mean weight of
18.5 with the standard deviation f 8.5 kilograms. Test the claim at α = .01
level of significance.
Step 1
Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis
Ho: µ = 19.8 kg
Ha: µ < 19.8 kg
Step 2
Decide the Level of significance, α.
α = .01
Step 3
Choose the appropriate test statistic.
The alternative hypothesis is expressed in a directional statement, therefore
used one tailed test.
Step 4
Establish the critical region.
The tabular value or critical value af z = -2.33
Step 5
•Compute
the value of the statistical test.
Compute the value of z.
Given: = 18.5 kg µ = 18.5 kg s = 8.5 kg n = 110
Step 6
Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
The computed value of z = -1.60 lies under the non rejection region,
therefore accept the null hypothesis (Ho).
Step 7
Draw a conclusion
There is no significant difference between the weight of the baggage carried
by the individual passengers.
B. Differene Between Means (Sampke eans)
•
Where :
= Mean of the first sample
= mean of the second sample
= variance of the first sample
= variance of the second sample
= number of cases in the first sample
= number of cases in the secondsample
Problem 3
A sample of 70 observations is selected from a normal
population. The sample mean is 2.78 and the sample standard
deviation is 0.83. another sample of 58 observation is selected
from normal population. The mean sample is 2.63 and the sample
standard deviation is 0.75. test the hypothesis using α = .05 level
of significance.
Step 1
•Formulate
the null and alternative hypothesis
Ho: =
Ha: ≠
Step 2
Decide the Level of significance, α.
α = .05
Step 3
Choose the appropriate test statistic.
The alternative hypothesis is expressed in non directional statement,
therefore used two tailed test.
Step 4
•Establish
the critical region.
The tabular value o critical value af =
Step 5
•Compute
the value of the statistical test.
Compute the value of z.
Given: 1 = 2.78 2 = 2.63 s1 = 0.83 s2 = 0.83 n 1=70 n2=70
= 1.07
Step 6
Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
The computed value of z = 1.67 lies under the non rejection region, therefore
accept the null hypothesis (Ho).
Step 7
Draw a conclusion
There is no significant difference between the two samples.
C. Hypothesis Testing bout a Single
Proportion
•
Where: P= Population proportion
= sample proportion
n = number of cases
Problem 4
A barangay captain claims that at least 85 % of the residents in
his barangay have household pets. To test this claim, a researcher
randomly selected a sample of 550 residents and find that 495 of
them do have household pets. At 0.05 level of significance what
can you conclude?
Step 1
Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis
Ho: P ≥ 85%
Ha: P ≤ 85%
Step 2
Decide the Level of significance, α.
α = .05
Step 3
Choose the appropriate test statistic.
The alternative hypothesis is expressed in directional statement, therefore
used One tailed test.
Step 4
•Establish
the critical region.
The tabular value or critical value af =
Step 5
•Compute
the value of the statistical test.
Compute the value of z.
Given: P = 85% N=550
= 3.28
Step 6
Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
The computed value of z = 3.28 lies under the rejection region, therefore
reject the null hypothesis (Ho) and accept the alternative hypothesis (Ha).
Step 7
Draw a conclusion
There difference between the two proportions.
D. Hypothesis Testing about Two Proportions
•
Where:
p1 = proportion of the first sample
p1 = proportion of the second sample
n1 = number of cases in the first sample
n2 = number of cases in the second sample
Problem 5
A researcher made a survey regarding the proportion of male and female
college who dropped their business mathematics subjects before midterm
examination. In a sample of 600 female students, 49 dropped their business
mathematics subject before midterm examination. In a sample of 450 male
students,36 dropped their business mathematics subject before midterm
examination. Is there a difference in the proportion of male and female
students who dropped their business mathematics subjects? Use α = 0.05
level of significance.
Step 1
Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis
Ho: P1 = P2
Ha: P1 ≠ P2
Step 2
Decide the Level of significance, α.
α = .05
Step 3
Choose the appropriate test statistic.
The alternative hypothesis is expressed in non directional statement,
therefore used two tailed test.
Step 4
•Establish
the critical region.
The tabular value o critical value af =
Step 5
•Compute
the value of the statistical test.
Compute the value of z.
Given: p1= p2= N1=600 N2=450
Step 6
Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
The computed value of z = 0.10 lies under the non rejection region, therefore
accept the null hypothesis (Ho)
Step 7
Draw a conclusion
There is no significant difference between the two- sample proportions.
A. Test Concerning Means
•
Where:
t = t-value
s = sample standard deviation
n = number of cases less than 30
df = n-1
Problem 6
According to the Department of education, high school teachers work an
average of 40 hours per week during the school year. A district supervisor of
a certain school surveyed 28 randomly selected teachers an found that they
ork an average of 42.6 hours a week and the standard deviation was 3.75
hours. Test if the mean number of hours worked by teachers in the
supervisor’s school district differs from the national average. Use α = 0.01
Step 1
Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis
Ho: µ = 40 hours
Ha: µ ≠ 40 hours
Step 2
Decide the Level of significance, α.
α = .01
Step 3
Choose the appropriate test statistic.
The alternative hypothesis is expressed in non directional statement,
therefore used two tailed test.
Step 4
Establish the critical region.
If one sample is given, use df = n – 1
df = n – 1
= 28 – 1
df= 27
The tabular value of t = 2.771
Step 5
•Compute
the value of the statistical test.
Compute the value of t.
Given: = 42.6 hours µ = 40 hours s = 3.75 hours n = 28
Step 6
Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
The computed value of t = 3.67 is greater than the tabular value of t = 2.771,
thus reject the null hypothesis (Ho).
Step 7
Draw a conclusion
There is significant difference of the working hours of 8 teachers per week
compared to the national average.
B. Difference between Means
•1. t- test for independent sample
Where:
n1 = number of cases of the first sample
n2 = number of cases of the second sample
B. Difference between Means
• T – test for dependent sample
2.
where:
d = difference between the means
n= number of cases
s = standard deviation
df = n- 1
Problem 7
An agronomist randomly selected 20 matured calamansi trees one variety
and have mean height of 10.8 feet with standard derivation of 1.25 feet,
while the 12 randomly selected calamansi trees of another variety have a
mean height of 9.6 feet with a standard derivation of 1.5 feet. Test whether a
difference between the two sample means is significant, use α = 0.05
Step 1
•Formulate
the null and alternative hypothesis
Ho: =
Ha: ≠
Step 2
Decide the Level of significance, α.
α = .05
Step 3
Choose the appropriate test statistic.
The alternative hypothesis is expressed in non directional statement,
therefore used two tailed test.
Step 4
Establish the critical region.
There are two sample given,
df = n1 + n2 - 2
= 20 + 12 - 2
df= 30
The tabular value of t = 2.042
Step 5
•Compute
the value of the statistical test.
Compute the value of t.
Given: = 10.8 ft. = 9.6 ft. s1 = 1.25 ft. s2 = 1.45 ft. n1 = 20 n2 = 12
Step 6
Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
The computed value of t = 2.38 is greater than the tabular value of t = 2.042,
thus the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected.
Step 7
Draw a conclusion
There is significant difference between the two samples.
Problem 8
Prof Yonardo conducted a review in his BM 102 class. He gave an
examination before and after the review and gathered the following data:
At α = 0.05 level of significance, is the review effective?
Problem 8
STUDENT SCORE BEFORE REVIEW SCORE AFTER REVIEW
1 16 18
2 8 12
3 12 10
4 10 17
5 20 18
6 17 20
7 9 11
8 10 9
9 18 17
10 19 20
Step 1
Ho : There is no significant difference between the mean score of the
students before and after the review class ( x1 = x2 )
Ha : There is no significant difference between the mean score of the
students before and after the review class ( x1 ≠ x2 )
Step 2
Decide the Level of significance, α.
α = .05
Step 3
Choose the appropriate test statistic.
The alternative hypothesis is expressed in non directional statement,
therefore used two tailed test.
Step 4
Establish the critical region.
The tabular value of t = 2.262 where
df = n-1
df = 10-1 = 9
Step 5
Compute the value of the statistical test.
Compute the value of t of dependent samples.
STUDENT (n) SCORE SCORE AFTER d
BEFORE REVIEW d=before –after = (=4
REVIEW d= 16-18=-2
1 16 18 -2 4
22 88 12
12 -4
-4 16
16
33 12
12 10
10 22 44
44 10
10 17
17 -7
-7 49
49
5 20 18 2 4
5 20 18 2 4
6 17 20 -3 9
6 17 20 -3 9
7 9 11 -2 4
7 9 11 -2 4
8 10 9 1 1
8 10 9 1 1
9 18 17 1 1
9 18 17 1 1
10 19 20 -1 1
10 19 20 -1 1
S
S= 2.91
Σ𝑑= -13 t= -1.41
Step 6
Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
The computed value of t =- 1.41 is less than the tabular value of t = 2.262,
thus the null hypothesis (Ho) is accepted.
Step 7
Draw a conclusion
There is no significant difference between the mean scores of the students
before and after the review class. It implies that the review was not effective.
8.9 Chi Square Goodness – of – fit test
There are three (3) gates of the university of the east . The building
maintenance supervisor would like to know if the gates are equally utilized.
As an experiment , 600 students are observed as they enter the school
The number of students using each gate is reported below. At 101 significant
level, we can conclude that there is a difference in the use of the three gates?
GATE NUMBER OF STUDENTS
Recto 245
Lepanto 205
Gastamide 150
600
because there are 600students in the sample, we expect that 200 students fall
in each categories. These categories are called cells.
GATE O E
Recto 245 200
Lepanto 205 200
Gastambide 150 200
600
Step 1
Ho : There is no difference between the mean score of the stuset observed
frequencies of the expected frequencies.
Ha : There is a difference between the mean score of the stuset observed
frequencies of the expected frequencies.
Step 2
Decide the Level of significance, α.
α = .01
Step 3
•Choose
the appropriate test statistic.
The test statistic is the chi square distribution.
=+ +
=+ +
= 10.125 + 0.125+12.5
Step 4
•Formulate
the decision rule.
Computed value of Critical value of df α
22.75 9.210 2 .01
Since the computed value of = 22.75 is greater than critical value of =
9.210, reject the Ho and accept the Ha.
Step 5
Conclusion:
There is a large difference between the set of observed frequencies and
set of expected frequencies. Three gates are not equally utilized.
8.9.2 Contingency Table Analysis
• When we applied the goodness – of – fit test previously in this chapter,
were concerned with only a single variable and a single trait.
EXAMPLE
A number of Employees at a large chemical plant were asked to indicate a
preference from one of the three pension plans. The result are given in the
following table. Is there a relationship between the pension selected and job
classification of the employees? USE 0.05 level of significance
JOB PLAN A PLAN B PLAN C TOTAL
CLASS
O E O E O E
Suspensio 20 34.67 26 47.27 58 22.06 104
n
Chemical 38 78.67 160 17.27 38 50.06 236
Labor 162 106.67 114 145.45 44 67.88 320
Total 220 300 140 660
Step 1
• Ho: There is association between the job classification of employees and
their selected pension plan preference.
• Ha: There is an association between the job classification of employees.
Step 2
α = .05
Step 3
• Compute the
=+ + + ++
= 168.09
Step 4
COMPUTE THE VALUE CRITICAL VALUE OF DF
OF
168.09 9.488 4
Step 5
Conclusion
Job Classificaton is assiociated to the pension plan preference of employees
EXERCISE 1
The hospital record shows that the mean weight of newly born
baby is 7 lbs., with the standard deviation of 0.75 lbs. a researcher
takes a sample of 55 newly born babies and found to have a mean
weight of 6.73 lbs. test the claim at 0.05 level of significance
EXERCISE 2
An economist claims that the mean family income of a certain populated in
Metro Manila is at most Php 22,450 monthly. Test the claim at 0.05 level of
significance. The economics students take a sample of 150 families,
obtaining a mean of Php 19,769 with standard deviation of Php 529. What is
the conclusion?
EXERCISE 3
To compare the freshmen’s knowledge of mathematics in two departments
of the College of Business Administration of the University of the East, a
certain professor in business mathematics got a sample of economics and
accountancy students and give them special examination. A sample of 25
economics major students had a mean score of 85.85 with a standard
deviation of 7.5. a sample of 29 accounting major students had a mean score
of 90.5 with a standard deviation of 10.3 is there a significant difference
between the two sample means? Use 0.01 level of significance.
