Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
CHAPTER 2
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Discuss different Approaches to AI
To introduce you the history of Artificial
Intelligence
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: INTRODUCTION
Approaches to AI
Brief history
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
Approaches to AI
Strong AI aims to build machines that
truly reason and solve problems which is
self aware and whose overall intellectual
ability is indistinguishable from that of a
human being.
Human like
Non-human like
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
Approaches to AI
Weak AI: deals with the creation of some
form of computer-based artificial
intelligence that cannot truly reason and
solve problems, but can act as if it were
intelligent
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
Approaches to AI
Weak AI holds that suitably programmed
machines can simulate human cognition.
Strong AI maintains that suitably
programmed machines are capable of
cognitive mental states.
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
Approaches to AI
Applied AI: aims to produce commercially
viable “smart” systems – such as, for
example, a security system that is able to
recognize the faces of people who are
permitted to enter a particular building.
Applied AI has already enjoyed
considerable success.
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
Approaches to AI
Cognitive AI: computers are used to test
theories about how the human mind
works – for example, theories about how
we recognize faces and other objects, or
about how we abstract problems.
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
Approaches to AI
AI Topics
Core areas
Knowledge representation
Reasoning
Machine learning
Decision theory
Reasoning with symbolic data
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
Approaches to AI
AI Topics
Perception
Vision
Natural language
Robotics
Uncertainty
Probabilistic approaches
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
Approaches to AI
General algorithms
Search
Planning
Constraint
Satisfaction
Applications
Game playing
AI and education
Distributed agents
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
Approaches to AI
Limits of AI today
Today’s successful AI systems.
Operate in well-defined domains
Employ narrow, specialized knowledge
Commonsense knowledge
Needed in complex, open-ended world
Understand unconstrained Natural Language
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
Approaches to AI
What can AI systems do
Computer vision: face recognition
Robotics: autonomous (mostly)
automobile
Natural language processing: simple
machine translation
Expert systems: medical diagnosis in a
narrow domain
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
Approaches to AI
What can AI systems do
Spoken language: 1000 word continous
speech
Learning: text categorization
Games: Grand master level in chess
(world champion)
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
Approaches to AI
What cann’t AI systems do yet?
Understand natural language robustly (e.g.
read and understand articles in a newspaper)
Surf the web
Interpret an arbitrary visual scene.
Learn a natural language
Construct plans in dynamic real time domains
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
Approaches to AI
Brief history
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
The dream of making a computer imitate
us began many centuries ago…
Intellectual roots of AI stretch back
thousand of years into the earliest studies
of the nature of knowledge and
reasoning.
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
The concept of intelligent machines is
found in Greek mythology.
8th century: Pygmalion
Hephaestus created a huge robot, Talos to
guard the island of Crete.
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
FOUNDATIONS
PHILOSOPHY PSYCHOLOGY
BIOLOGY
ARTIFICIAL
MATHEMATICS
INTELLIGENCE
COMPUTER
ECONOMICS ENGINEERING
LINGUISTICS
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
Philosophers have analyzed the nature
knowledge and have explored formal
frameworks conclusions.
Mathematical formulations logic,
computation and probability.
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
Economists have developed decision
theory.
How does the brain process information?
Psychologists have long studied human
cognition
Knowledge about the nature of human
intelligence.
How do we build an efficient computer?
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
Aristotle (322 - 384 )
developed an informal
system of syllogistic
logic, the first formal
deductive reasoning
system.
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
13th century, Ramon Lull
A Spanish theologian,
invented the idea of a
machine that would produce
all knowledge, by putting
together words at random.
He even tried to built it.
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
Early in 17th century,
René Descartes
proposed that bodies
of animals are nothing
more than complex
machines.
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
Blaise Pascal invented
the first mechanical
digit calculating
machine
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
Gottfried Leibniz
improved Pascal’s
machine
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
Charles Babbage and Ada Byron worked on
programmable mechanical calculating machines
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
In the late 19th century and early 20th century,
mathematical philosophers like
Gottlab Frege
Bertram Russell
Alfred North Whitehead
Kurt Godel
Built on Boole’s initial logic concepts to develop
mathematical representations of logic problems
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
Advent of computers
The advent of electronic computers
provided a revolutionary advance in the
ability to study intelligence.
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
In 1943, John Ramsay
McCulloch and William
Pitt created Boolean
circuit model of brain.
Explaining for the first
time how it is possible
for neural networks to
compute
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
SNARC
Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds built
SNARC in 1951.
A neural network computer
Used 3000 vacuum tubes
Network with 40 neurons
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
1950 Turing’s “Computing
Machinery and
Intelligence” – articulated a
complete vision of AI.
Solving problems by
searching through the
space of possible solutions
guided by heuristics.
Illustrated his ideas on
machine intelligence by
reference to chess.
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
1952-1956 : Samuel checkers (draughts)
program.
1956: Newell and Simon’s logic theorist, widely
considered to be the first AI program,
GPS: Global Positioning System
1959: Gelernerter’s Geometry engine
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
1961: James Slagle wrote the first symbolic
integration program, SAINT, which solved
calculus problems at the college freshman
level.
1963: Edward A. Feigenbaum & Julian
Feldman published Computers and Taught, the
first collection of articles about artificial
intelligence.
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
1964: Danny Bobrow shows that computers
can understand natural language well enough
to solve algebra word problems correctly.
1965: J. Allen Robinson invented a mechanical
proof procedure, the resolution method, which
allowed programs to work efficiently with formal
logic as a representation language.
1966 -1974 AI discovers computational
complexity.
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
1968: Marvin Minsky & Seymour Papert publish
Perceptrons, demonstrating limits of simple
neural nets.
1969: SRI robot, Shakey, demonstrated
combining locomotion, perception and problem
solving.
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
1980: Lisp machines developed and marketed.
First expert system shells and commercial
applications.
1988: Resurgence of probabilistic and decision-
theoretic method Rapid increase in technical
depth of mainstream AI, “Nouvelle AI”
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
Early AI systems used general systems, little
knowledge.
Specialized knowledge required for rich tasks to
focus reasoning.
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
1990: major advances in all areas of AI:
Machine learning, data mining
Intelligent tutoring
Case-based reasoning
Multi-agent planning, Scheduling
Uncertain reasoning
Natural language understanding and translation
Vision, virtual reality, games and other topics
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
Rod Brooks’ COG project at MIT, with
numerous collaborators, makes a
significant progress in building humanoid
robot.
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
Interactive robot pets (“smart toys”)
become commercially available, realizing
the vision of the 18th century, novelty toy
makers.
2000: The nomad robot explores remote
regions of Antarctica looking for meteorite
samples.
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
LECTURE 2: BRIEF HISTORY
TODAY’S AI BENEFITS.
Managing Repetitive Tasks
Minimizing Errors
Solving Complex Problems
Medical Advances
Increased Business Efficiency
Enhanced Customer Experience
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
THAT IS ALL FOR TODAY…
ANY QUESTION?
