JOINT SPEED-TORQUE
CHARACTERISTICS OF
ELECTRIC MOTORS AND
MECHANICAL LOAD
Electric Motors exhibit a variety of speed-torque
characteristics that are suitable for a wide range of load
demands.
A single motor can exhibit different speed-torque
characteristics based on its winding configuration or the
characteristics of the electric supply.
When an electric motor is connected to a mechanical load,
the system operates at a speed-torque status that matches
the characteristics of the motor as well as the mechanical
load.
MOTOR MECHANICAL LOAD
Load’s Speed-torque
Motor’s Speed-torque MATCHES characteristics
characteristics
Speed-torque characteristics of
electric motor
Constant torque,
different speed
Speed-torque characteristics of
electric motor
Constant torque,
different speed
Speed-torque characteristics of
electric motor
Different torque,
different speed
Bidirectional Electric Drive Systems
Example 1: Bidirectional Load Torque, FL
i ll
Uph
BASE
Bidirectional Electric Drive Systems
Example 1: Bidirectional Load Torque, FL
Do
wn
hi ll
BOTTOM
Example 2: Bidirectional Speed,ω
ω ω
Four-Quadrant Electric
Drive Systems
Motor
Torque of an electrical machine, Tm is in
same direction as the system speed, ω
The machine consumes electric power
from the electric source and delivers
mechanical power to the load.
It means that the machine works as a
motor and converts the electrical energy
into mechanical energy, supporting its
motion.
Generator
Speed,ω and motor torque, Tm are in
opposite direction.
The machine is consuming mechanical
power from the load and delivering
electrical power to the source.
IT means that the machine works as a
generator, and converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy
1. Forward Motoring: ωm is positive
and Tem is positive.
2. Forward Regeneration/ Braking/
Generation: ωm is positive and Tem is
negative.
3. Reverse Motoring: ωm is negative
and Tem is negative.
4. Reverse Regeneration/Braking/
Generation: ωm is negative
and Tem is positive.
First Quadrant
Counter-weight
Forward Motoring: ωm is positive
and Tem is positive.
Loaded Carriage
Second Quadrant
Counter-weight
Forward Regeneration/
Braking/ Generation: ωm is
positive and Tem is negative.
Unloaded Carriage
Third Quadrant
Reverse Motoring: ωm is
negative and Tem is negative.
Counter-weight
Unloaded Carriage
Fourth Quadrant
Reverse Regeneration/Braking/
Generation: ωm is negative and Tem is
positive.
Counter-weight
Loaded Carriage
SPEED-TORQUE
CHARACTERISTICS OF
ELECTRICAL MOTOR
At steady-state conditions, these motors operate
at constant speed regardless of the value of the
SPEED
load torque.
Synchronous Motor
Tmax TORQUE
SPEED The speed slightly reduced when the load
torque increases.
DC Shunt/ Separately
Excited Motor
Tmax TORQUE
SPEED The speed is high at light loading conditions and low
at heavy loading.
DC Series Motor
Tmax TORQUE
SPEED
Induction Motor It has a somewhat complex speed
Steady-s characteristic.
tate
At steady-state, it operates at the
linear portion of the speed torque
characteristic, which resembles the
characteristicof a DC shunt motor or
separately excited motor.
Tmax
TORQUE
The maximum developed torque of induction
motors is limited to Tmax.
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