MANAGING I/O
OPEARTIONS
TOPICS
INTRODUCTION
CONSOLE I/O FUNCTIONS
FORMATTED I/O FUNCTIONS
UNFORMATTED I/O FUNCTIONS
MCQS
PROBLEMS
INTRODUCTION
All input and output is performed with streams.
A "stream" is a sequence of characters organized into lines.
Each line consists of zero or more characters and ends with the
"newline" character.
ANSI C standards specify that the system must support lines that are
at least 254 characters in length (including the newline character).
Standard input stream is called "stdin" and is normally connected to
the keyboard
Standard output stream is called "stdout" and is normally connected
to the display screen.
Standard error stream is called "stderr" and is also normally
connected to the screen.
INTRODUCTION
C Language has a set of library functions to perform I/O operations.
The I/O library functions are listed the “header” file <stdio.h>.
These libraries are available with all C compilers.
There are numerous library functions available for I/O. These can be
classified into two broad categories:
(a) Console I/O functions - Functions to receive input from
keyboard and write output to VDU.
(b) File I/O functions - Functions to perform I/O operations on
floppy disk or hard disk.
CONSOLE-I/O FUNCTIONS
The screen and keyboard together are called a console.
Console I/O functions is further classified into two categories,
formatted console I/O functions.
unformatted console I/O functions.
Formatted functions allow to use the input got from keyboard and
output displayed on VDU as per our requirements.
For example, if values of average marks and percentage marks are
to be displayed on the screen, then the details like where this output
would appear on the screen, how many spaces would be present
between the two values, the number of places after the decimal
points, etc. can be controlled using formatted functions.
In Unformatted functions ,no such things are taken into account.
CONSOLE-I/O FUNCTIONS
CONSOLE-I/O FUNCTIONS
FORMATTED CONSOLE-I/O FUNCTIONS-
printf() function
This function provides formatted output to the screen.
Syntax:
int printf (“format”, var1, var2, …var n);
The “format” includes a listing of the data types of the variables to be output and,
optionally, some text and control character(s).
The return type of printf() is “int” and it returns total number of Characters Printed,
Or negative value if an output error or an encoding error
Example:
int b=10;
printf (“The value of b is: %d \n”,b);// %d –format specifier of integer
FORMATTED CONSOLE-I/O FUNCTIONS-
printf() function-format specifiers
FORMATTED CONSOLE-I/O FUNCTIONS-
printf() function-optional specifiers
FORMATTED CONSOLE-I/O FUNCTIONS-
printf() function-optional specifiers
The field-width specifier is used to decide how many columns should be
used on the screen to print a value.
Eg:%10d,prints the variable as a decimal integer in a field of 10 columns.
If the value of variable is not up to fill the entire field then the value is right
justified and padded with blanks on left.
Eg: int a=115,
printf(“%10d”,a);
1 1 5
If the field specifier includes a minus the then value is left justified and
padded with blanks on right.
If the field width is less than what is required then it is completely ignored.
FORMATTED CONSOLE-I/O FUNCTIONS-
printf() function-Example
#include <stdio.h> OUTPUT:
int main()
{
int weight = 63 ;
printf ( "\nweight is%2d", weight ) ;
printf ( "\nweight is%3d", weight ) ;
printf ( "\nweight is%4d", weight ) ;
printf ( "\nweight is%5d", weight ) ;
printf ( "\nweight is%6d", weight ) ;
printf ( "\nweight is%-6dkg", weight ) ;
return 0;
}
FORMATTED CONSOLE-I/O FUNCTIONS-
printf() function-Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf ( "\n%10.2f%10.2f", 5.0, 13.5) ;
printf ( "\n%10.2f%10.2f ", 305.0, 1200.9);
return 0;
} OUTPUT:
FORMATTED CONSOLE-I/O FUNCTIONS-
printf() function-Example
include <stdio.h>
#
int main() OUTPUT:
{ z 122 garbage value
char ch = 'z' ; } 125 garbage value
int i = 125 ; 12.550000 garbage value
float a = 12.55 ;
printf ( "\n%c %d %f", ch, ch,
ch ) ;
printf ( "\n%c %d %f",i ,i, i ) ;
printf ( "\n%f %d\n", a, a ) ;
}
FORMATTED CONSOLE-I/O FUNCTIONS-
sprintf() function
sprintf:
Syntax:
int sprintf(char *str, const char *string,...);
String print function instead of printing on console store it on char
buffer which are specified in sprintf
FORMATTED CONSOLE-I/O FUNCTIONS-
fprintf() function
fprintf is used to print the string content in
file but not on stdout console.
int fprintf(FILE *fptr, const char *str, ...);
INPUT/OUTPUT FUNCTIONS
FORMATTED INPUT FUNCTION: scanf ()
This function provides for formatted input from the keyboard.
Syntax:
int scanf ( “format” , &var1, &var2, …) ;
The “format” is a listing of the data types of the variables to be input and the & in front of
each variable name tells the system WHERE(address) to store the value that is input. It
provides the address for the variable.
It returns total number of Inputs Scanned successfully, or EOF if input failure occurs
before the first receiving argument was assigned.
Example:
float a; int b;
scanf (“%f%d”, &a, &b);
FORMATTED CONSOLE-I/O FUNCTIONS-
sscanf() function
The C library function int sscanf(const char *str,
const char *format, ...) reads formatted input from
a string.
int sscanf(const char *str, const
char *format, ...)
FORMATTED CONSOLE-I/O FUNCTIONS-
fscanf() function
The C library function int fscanf(FILE *stream,
const char *format, ...) reads formatted input from
a stream.
int fscanf(FILE *stream, const char *format, ...)
USAGE OF FORMAT SPECIFIER IN
scanf() function
OUTPUT:
Example:
input is : 10
#include<stdio.h>
10
int main()
{
int a;
scanf("input is : %d", &a);
printf("%d", a);
return 0;
}
USAGE OF FORMAT SPECIFIER IN
scanf() function
Example: OUTPUT:
// Extracting single digit using C Code. 1234
#include<stdio.h> 10
int main()
{ //1234
int a,b,c,d;
scanf("%1d%1d%1d%1d", &a, &b, &c,
&d);
printf("%d", a+b+c+d);
return 0;
}
USAGE OF FORMAT SPECIFIER IN
scanf() function
Example: OUTPUT:
// getting digit input in expression 10+11
(a+b) format using C Code. 10 11
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a;
scanf("%d+%d", &a,&b);
printf("%d %d", a, b);
return 0;
}
UNFORMATTED FUNCTIONS
getchar(), getch() and getche()
All of these functions read a character from input and return an integer value.
getchar() It reads a single character from the standard input and returns the corresponding
integer value (typically ASCII value of read character) on success. It returns EOF on
failure.
Syntax:
int getchar();
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("%c", getchar());
return 0;
}
UNFORMATTED FUNCTIONS
getch(): getch() is a nonstandard Syntax:
function and is present in conio.h header int getch();
file which is mostly used by MS-DOS #include <stdio.h>
compilers like Turbo C. It is not part of int main()
the C standard library or ISO C.
{
Like above functions, it reads also a
printf("%c", getch());
single character from keyboard. But it
does not use any buffer, so the entered return 0;
character is immediately returned }
without waiting for the enter key. getche() is similar to
getch();
UNFORMATTED FUNCTIONS
gets():Reads characters from the standard int main()
input (stdin) and stores them as a C string {
into str until a newline character or the
end-of-file is reached. char buf[MAX];
Syntax: printf("Enter a string: ");
char * gets ( char * str ); gets(buf);
str :Pointer to a block of memory (array printf("string is: %s\n", buf);
of char)
where the string read is copied as a C return 0;
string. }
returns : the function returns str.
UNFORMATTED FUNCTIONS
The putchar(int char) :is used to write a #include <stdio.h>
character, of unsigned char type, to int main()
stdout. This character is passed as the
parameter to this method. {
Syntax: // Get the character to be written
int putchar(int ch); char ch = 'G';
This function returns the character // Write the Character to stdout
written on the stdout as an unsigned char. putchar(ch);
It also returns EOF when some error return (0);
occurs.
}
UNFORMATTED FUNCTIONS
puts() function is used to write a line to #include <stdio.h>
the output screen. In a C program, we use #include <string.h>
puts function as below. int
Syntax:
int main()
int puts(const char *string)
{
string – data that should be displayed on
the output screen. char string[40];
If successful, non-negative value is scanf(“%s”,string);
returned. On error, the function returns puts(string);
EOF. return 0;
}
MCQS OUTPUT:
What will be the output?
REC Hello REC 3
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello ", printf("REC "));
int i=printf("REC");
printf(" %d",i);
return 0;
}
.
MCQS
What will be the output? OUTPUT:
#include <stdio.h> REC Hello REC 5 3
int main()
{
int j=printf("Hello", printf("REC "));
int i=printf("REC");
printf(" %d %d",j,i);
return 0;
}
MCQS
#include <stdio.h> OUTPUT:
int main() Answer: c
{
int i = 1, j = 4;
printf("%d %d %d", i, j);
return 0;
}
a) Compile time error
b) 1 4
c) 1 4 some garbage value
d) Undefined behaviour
MCQS
#include <stdio.h> OUTPUT:
int main() Answer: b
{
int i = 1, j = 4,k=1;
printf("%d %d ", i, j,k);
return 0;
}
a) Compile time error
b) 1 4
c) 1 4 some garbage value
d) Undefined behaviour
MCQS
What will be the output of the C program? OUTPUT:
Answer:D
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("%d",printf("rec"));
return 0;
}
A. compilation error
B. Runtime error
C. rec
D. rec3
MCQS
int main() OUTPUT:
{ Answer:D
int a = 4;
printf("hello"+3);
return 0;
}
A. compilation error
B. hellohellohello
C. hello
D. lo
E. None of the above
PROBLEM 1
Roy wants to change his profile picture on Facebook. Now Facebook has some restriction over
the dimension of picture that we can upload.
Minimum dimension of the picture can be L x L, where L is the length of the side of square.
Now Roy has 4 photos of various dimensions.
Dimension of a photo is denoted as W x H
where W - width of the photo and H - Height of the photo
When any photo is uploaded following events may occur:
[1] If any of the width or height is less than L, user is prompted to upload another one. Print
"UPLOAD ANOTHER" in this case.
[2] If width and height, are equal,
(a) and equal to L,then it is accepted. Print "ACCEPTED" in this case.
(b) else user is prompted to crop it. Print "CROP IT" in this case.
(quotes are only for clarification)
Given L, W and H as input, print appropriate text as output.
PROBLEM 2
There are 7 floors in a flat and only 2 lifts. Initially Lift A is at the ground floor and Lift B at
the top floor. Whenever someone calls the lift from N th floor, the lift closest to that floor
comes to pick him up. If both the lifts are at equidistant from the N th floor, them the lift from
the lower floor comes up.
INPUT
First line contains a single integer N denoting the floor from which lift is called.
OUTPUT
Output T lines containing one character "A" if the first lift goes to N th floor or "B" for the
second lift.