SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
AND
SEDIMENTARY
STRUCTURES
Sedimentary Rock Part of the Rock Cycle
All rocks exposed
at earth’s surface
undergo…
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
There are two main classes of
sedimentary rocks
Clastic (detrital) sedimentary rocks
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed
from bits and pieces of previously
existing rocks, called clasts or
detritus
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed
in several ways
By precipitation from aqueous
solution
From plant material
From animal material
PROCESSES LEADING
TO FORMATION OF
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Weathering: the processes that
change rocks’ size and composition
at or near Earth’s surface
Erosion and Transportation: removal
of rock particles (clasts) from their
source by water, wind, or glacial ice
PROCESSES LEADING
TO FORMATION OF
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Deposition: the settling of clasts on
Earth’s surface as sediments, leads to
formation of a sedimentary bed
Compaction: pressing together of clasts,
squeezing out pore water, by pressure
exerted by overlying beds
Lithification: cementation of clasts
together to form a sedimentary rock
RESISTANCE OF MINERALS TO
WEATHERING
Bowen’s Reaction Series of the Common Rock-forming Minerals
shows the effect of mineral composition on the resistance to
weathering
Weathers most readily
More resistant
to weathering
Most resistant
to weathering
Most resistant of all to weathering
EFFECT OF WEATHERING, GRADIENT, DISTANCE FROM
SOURCE-ROCK
ON CLAST SIZE, SHAPE, SORTING, AND COMPOSITION
Close to source: Far from source:
Large angular clasts Small rounded clasts
Poorly sorted sediments Well sorted
rich in mafic minerals Quartz sands and clays
and feldspars
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EFFECTS OF COMPACTION, CEMENTATION ON
SEDIMENTS
On mud
On poorly-sorted
sediments
On well-sorted sediments
THE MOST COMMON SEDIMENTARY
CEMENTS
• Calcite
– The most common cement present in
marine sedimentary rocks
– Also common in sedimentary rocks
formed from sediments deposited in
evaporite basins
– Calcite cemented sedimentary rocks
give a positive acid test (will fizz
when an acidic solution is dropped
on them)
THE MOST COMMON SEDIMENTARY
CEMENTS
• Hematite
– The cement present in red colored
terrigenous (land-derived) sedimentary
rocks, very common
– Hematite cemented rocks will not fizz when
an acidic solution is dropped on them
• Silica
– The cement present in terrigenous (land-
derived) sedimentary rocks that are not
red, very common
– Silica cemented rocks will not fizz when an
acidic solution is dropped on them
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary Clasts Sedimentary Rocks
Smallest Clay
Mudstone
Silt Po
orl
y-s
Sand ort
ed Sandstone
Pebbles Conglomerate
M
(contains rounded clasts)
ixt
Cobbles
reu
Breccia
Largest Boulders (contains angular clasts)
Nama Ukuran (mm) Partikel Batuan
lepas
Boulder >256
Konglomerat
Cobble 64 - 256 atau
Gravel Breksi
Pebble 4 - 64
Granule 2-4
Very Coarse Sand 1-2
Coarse Sand 0.5 - 1
Pasir Batupasir
Medium Sand 0.25 - 0.5
Fine Sand 0.125 - 0.25
Very Fine Sand 0.0625 - 0.125
Coarse Silt 0.031 - 0.625
Medium Silt 0.016 - 0.031
Lanau Batulanau
Fine Silt 0.008 - 0.016
Very Fine Silt 0.004 - 0.008
Clay <0.004 Lempung Batulempung,
Mudstone,
Serpih
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:
Mudstones
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:
Sandstones
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:
Conglomerates
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:
Breccias
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:
Formed by Precipitation from Aqueous Solution
1. The Evaporites
a. Halite (NaCl)
b. Calcite (CaCO3)
c. Gypsum (CaSO4. H2O)
2. Precipitated Silica
Chert
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:
Formed from Plant Material
Inundated
swamp or Peat Lignite Bituminous coal
marsh (soft coal)
Coal seams in Mesa Verde National Park Bituminous coal
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:
Formed from Animal Material: The Limestones
All contain CaCO3 All will fizz in contact with acid
1. Limestone (a limey mudstone)
2. Fossiliferous limestone
3. Coquina
4. Chalk
BATUAN SEDIMEN
klastik biogen, biokimia kimiawi
terrigen dan organik
Konglomerat/ Batugamping, evaporit
breksi, rijang, fosfat, (garam,
batupasir batubara dan “oil stalagmit) dan
dan shale” “ironstone”
mudrocks
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
Sedimentary Beds and Bedding Planes
Beds represent distinct sedimentary event, times
when deposition occurred
Bedding planes represent pauses between
sedimentary events, times when deposition ceased
Bedding
plane
Bed
• Bedding planes - separate beds
• Above and below bedding planes, rocks differ in:
– Composition, grain size, color
– Indicate rapid changes
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
Graded Sedimentary Beds
Form in response to
decrease in energy
during deposition
Larger, heavier clasts,
first pebbles then sand,
settle out first, in the
bottom of the bed
Smaller, lighter clasts,
silt and finally clay,
settle out last in the top
of the bed
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
Cross Beds
Cross beds are
deposited in response
Current direction
to movement of a
current
Cross beds are
unidirectional if the
current was constant
in direction
Cross beds are bi-
directional if the
current was not
constant in direction
Note: these beds are
tilted
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
Mud Cracks
Mud cracks form
Mudcracks
when mud dries
in a
up sedimentary
Their shape and rock
size may vary
considerably
Mudcracks in fresh sediment
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
Ripple Marks
Are formed in response to
movement of a current
Symmetrical ripple marks
form if current is back-and-
forth, bi-directional
Asymmetrical ripple marks
form if current is constant in
direction
Asymmetrical ripple marks Symmetrical ripple marks
in fresh sediment preserved in mudstone
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
Raindrop Imprints and casts
Form when big rain drops fall on mud
Raindrop imprints are depressions formed on the bed
upon which the raindrops fell
Raindrop casts are knobs formed on the bottom of the bed
deposited on top of the bed upon which the raindrops fell
Raindrop imprints
and mudcracks
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
Fossils
Are any evidence of life preserved in ancient rocks
Include bones, teeth, shells, molds and casts,
petrified wood, impressions, footprints, etc.
SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS
• Geographic setting where sediment
accumulates
• Continental
– Dominated by stream erosion & deposition
• Marine
– Shallow (~ 200 meters)
– Deep (seaward of continental shelves)
• Transitional (shoreline)
LINGKUNGAN PENGENDAPAN
Identification of sedimentary rocks