x
x
x
x
CEMENT LOGGING TOOLS
TOOLS DESIGNED TO EVALUATE ANNULAR
CONDITIONS
MEASUREMENTS TAKEN CAN BE RELATED TO:
CEMENT QUALITY
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (…?)
BONDING TO PIPE AND FORMATION
DETERMINATION OF ZONAL ISOLATION BY
CEMENT IS THE MAJOR OBJECTIVE
SONIC TOOLS
ATTENUATION AND
TOTAL ENERGY DISPLAY
CBL
FOR INTERPRETATION REQUIRE:
SHEAR COUPLING AT CEMENT TO
CASING INTERFACE
ATTENUATION OF FIRST ARRIVAL (E1)
THE AMPLITUDE OF FIRST ARRIVAL IS
PROPORTIONAL TO:
ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE OF ANNULAR
MATERIAL (NOMOGRAPHS)
CBL TOOL
SINGLE T
TRANSMITTER
20x103 CYCLE/SEC
(20 Hz)
R
DUAL RECEIVER
3.0 ft AND 5.0 ft
SPACING R
CBL PRINCIPLE
FREE PIPE
T
T
CEMENTED PIPE
R
CBL ATTENUATION
R
CBL 3 ft RECEIVER
MEASURES FIRST ARRIVAL (E1) AMPLITUDE
DETERMINES ATTENUATION RATE WHEN
CASING DIAMETER IS KNOWN
ATTENUATION VARIES WITH QUANTITY
AND / OR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH,
WHEN SHEAR (ACOUSTIC) COUPLING
EXISTS BETWEEN CEMENT AND PIPE
ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS
ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE
Z = DENSITY x WAVE VELOCITY
Mrayl kg/l km/s
ATTENUATION RATE
k = -20 log AMPLITUDE IN X"
(X"- X') AMPLITUDE
IN X’
dB/ft ft
CBL ATTENUATION RATE
RELATED TO CEMENT Z
125
100
CBL 75
ATTENUATION
RATE (%) 50
25
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE (106 Kg m-2 s-1 )
Basic Interpretation of the Amplitude Curve
From Bigelow,
SPE 13342
VDL - VARIABLE DENSITY LOG
PRESENTATION OF THE WAVEFORM
RECEIVED FOR ±5 FEET
TRANSMITTER RECEIVER SPACING
TWO TYPES OF DISPLAY
FULL WAVE 2
WHITE STRIPES FOR POSITIVE
AND NEGATIVE PEAKS
VDL 5 ft RECEIVER
PRODUCES SEISMIC SPECTRUM
(FULL WAVE ANALYSIS)
QUALITATIVE EVALUATION OF
CEMENT TO FORMATION BOND
HELPS TO DIFFERENTIATE LOW
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH CEMENT
AND CHANNELS
VDL
TRANSMITTER FORMATION
ARRIVALS
COMPRESSION SHEAR MUD
ARRIVALS
CASING
(>1100 µs)
ARRIVALS
E1
t µsec
QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION ONLY
HELPS TO INVESTIGATE CEMENT- FORMATION COUPLING (bond)
CBL with Variable Density Display
From Bigelow,
SPE 13342
Variable Density Display
From Bigelow,
SPE 13342
Basic Interpretation of the Energy Display
• Acoustic energy
Free Pipe travels through
casing
• Minimum
attenuation
Basic Interpretation of the Energy Display
• Channeling
Partial Bond • Microannulus
• Foam Cement
• Gas in Well Fluid
• Resin Coated Pipe
Basic Interpretation of the Energy Display
Cement Bond to • No Formation
Pipe Signals
No Cement Bond • High Porosity Gas
to Formation Sands
Basic Interpretation of the Energy Display
• Weak or Absent
Casing Arrivals
• Compressional
Formation Waves and,
possibly, Shear
Good Cement Formation Waves
VDL is a Mirror Image of
Open hole Sonic Logs
From Bigelow,
SPE 13342
VDL INTERPRETATION
STRONG CASING SIGNALS
FREE PIPE (COLLARS SHOW AS CHEVRONS)
WEAK OR NO CASING ARRIVALS
HIGH CBL ATTENUATION RATE
GOOD CEMENT TO CASING BOND
NO FORMATION ARRIVALS
POOR CEMENT TO FORMATION COUPLING
HIGHLY ATTENUATED FORMATION (SHALE)
VDL INTERPRETATION
STRONG FORMATION AND WEAK CASING
ARRIVALS
GOOD CASING TO CEMENT AND
FORMATION BOND
FORMATION AND CASING SIGNALS
CHANNELLING
MICRO-ANNULUS
"NOISY" VDL'S
SOMETIMES ACROSS GAS ZONES
VDL INTERPRETATION
VDL ACROSS MASSIVE SALT ZONE
HOMOGENEOUS, PLASTIC
FORMATION WITHOUT FRACTURES
VDL OFTEN SIMILAR TO FREE PIPE
VDL MUST CORRELATE WITH
GAMMA RAY LOG
CBL - VDL LIMITATIONS
MICRO-ANNULUS
LACK OF CASING CEMENT COUPLING, E1
AMPLITUDE APPROACHES VALUE OF "FREE
PIPE"
ECCENTERING
>1/4" UP TO 50% REDUCTION IN SIGNAL
AMPLITUDE
FAST FORMATIONS
(DENSE CARBONATES) SIGNAL ARRIVES
EARLY AND MASKS CASING BORNE SIGNAL
CBL - VDL LIMITATIONS
INSENSITIVITY TO LOCAL CHANNELS
OMNI-DIRECTIONAL - RECEIVED SIGNAL
IS AVERAGE FOR CIRCUMFERENCE
CALIBRATION
METHODS FOR TEMPERATURE FLUID
EFFECTS
OTHER VARIABLES NOT ACCOUNTED FOR
MICRO-ANNULUS AND CBL / VDL
NO PRESSURE
HIGH CBL AMPLITUDE
WITH PRESSURE
DECREASED CBL AMPLITUDE
WEAKER CASING SIGNALS ON VDL
STRONGER FORMATION ARRIVALS
ON VDL
MICRO-ANNULUS AND CBL / VDL
WHY A MICRO-ANNULUS (sonic de-coupling)
THERMAL STRESSES
PRESSURE TESTING
WELLBORE FLUID DENSITY CHANGE
CEMENT SQUEEZE
PERFORATING
DRILLING
A MICROANNULUS MAY BE PRODUCED
WITH NO WELLBORE DISTURBANCE
MICROANNULUS EXAMPLE (from Fitzgerald, SPE 12141)
MICRO-ANNULUS AND CBL / VDL
… Several commonly accepted oilfield practices can cause either
expansion or contraction of casing after cement cure. These
changes in casing diameter can break the bond between the
outer casing surface and the annular cement, resulting in the
creation of a microannulus at the outer casing surface. If a
microannulus is present, the casing signal information recorded
on the CBL is not representative of the annular cement fill.
… Every well should be set up properly to address the
microannulus problem by running the log under pressure.
… A microannulus is a not a problem for zone isolation, but a
problem for proper cement log interpretation
Fitzgerald SPE 12141 and TENNECO´s Field Manual
CBL LIMITATIONS
INSENSITIVITY TO LOCAL CHANNELS
OMNI-DIRECTIONAL - RECEIVED SIGNAL
IS AVERAGE FOR CIRCUMFERENCE
CALIBRATION
METHODS FOR TEMPERATURE FLUID
EFFECTS
OTHER VARIABLES NOT ACCOUNTED FOR
INTERPRETATION OF CEMENT INTEGRITY
CBL IS AN OMNI-DIRECTIONAL AMPLITUDE
MEASUREMENT. THEREFORE IT IS
NECESSARY TO ASSUME:
% OF CIRCUMFERENCETHAT IS BONDED
OR
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF THE CEMENT
REDUCTIONS IN SIGNAL ATTENUATION ARE
DUE TO VOIDS IN THE ANNULUS (CHANNELS)
OR LOWER COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF THE
CEMENT (in fact, acoustic impedance)
CEMENT EVALUATION WITH
CBL ATTENUATION
100%
Attenuation Rate
Grosmangin (1961)
80% 100%
% Circumference Bonded
CEMENT EVALUATION WITH
CBL ATTENUATION
What the situation is?
?
LOWER CEMENT
CHANNELING
COMPRESSIVE
(NO ISOLATION)
STRENGTH?
CEMENT EVALUATION WITH CBL ATTENUATION
What the situation is?
GOOD CHANNELING
ISOLATION
SEGMENTED BOND TOOL (SBT)
SEGMENTED BOND TOOL (SBT)
T T T
R R R
6 1 2 3 4 5
R R R
T T T
SBT COMPENSATED ATTENUATION
T1 Attenuation =
A12 = 10 log [(A12*A43)/(A13*A42)]
R2
A13
A42
R3
A43
T4
SBT PRESENTATION: FREE PIPE
SBT PRESENTATION: CEMENT MAP
x
x
x
x
FAILED REMEDIAL SQUEEZE: NO INJECTIVITY
(AND GOOD ISOLATION)
x
x
x
x
INTERPRETATION OF CEMENT FILL-UP
CONDITIONS FOR MICROANNULUS NOT
ADDRESSED WITH ENOUGH PRESSURE
DEFAULT SELECTION OF PARAMETERS
DEFINING CEMENT MAP
THIN CEMENT SHEATH (BIT SIZE: 6 1/8”)
Cement Sheath = 0.56”
ACTUAL CEMENT FILL-UP (AND ISOLATION) WAS
NOT PROPERLY EVALUATED
WHY THE RESULT OF THE ATTEMPT TO SQUEEZE?
SBT: STANDARD SETTING OF
HIGH AND LOW CUT OFFS
EFFECT OF CEMENT SHEATH THICKNESS
From Goodwin,
API,
“Worldwide
Cementing
Practices”,
1991
EFFECT OF CEMENT SHEATH
THICKNESS
7 " CASING IN 8-1/2 "OPEN HOLE
100
50
1/2" CEMENT
AMPLITUDE
(mV)
10
5
3/4" CEMENT
1
0 20 40 60 80 100 % BOND
WHY THE RESULT OF THE ATTEMPT TO SQUEEZE?
HI AND LOW CUT OFFS VALUES WERE NOT
DEFINED TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE THIN
CEMENT SHEATH
CEMENT MAP IS NOT REPRESENTATIVE
SOLUTION: A DIFFERENT APPROACH FOR
PROCESSING AND PRESENTING THE SBT LOG
Goodwin: “Oilwell / Gaswell Cement-Sheath
Evaluation”, Technology Today Series, JPT
Dec. 1997, SPE 39290
GOODWIN’S RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SBT
PRESENTATION, SETTING AND RUNNING
Excerpts:
Attenuation-rate curves on a scale of 0 to 9 db/ft
Non filtered data
A cement map scaled above and below the free
pipe attenuation
Should be run with and without pressure in all
cases
WHY?
REASONS FOR GOODWIN’S RECOMMENDATIONS
“ Cement is cement is cement. The terms good and bad
cement imply the same thing: that there is cement in the
annulus…”
“Liquid is liquid is liquid…”
“ If solids cannot be removed from the annulus for
replacement by good cement and liquid can be removed,
then those facts limit the information we need from a log”
“All we have to is to recognize what a liquid looks like on a
cement-evaluation log”
“… a liquid in any segment of the annulus being evaluated
should, and does, exhibit an unchanging value of
amplitude, attenuation rate or acoustic impedance (a
straight line)
ULTRASONIC TOOLS
CET - CEMENT EVALUATION
TOOL
PRINCIPLE
CASING RESONANCE IN THICKNESS
DECAY OF RESONANCE IS RELATED
TO ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE
CONTRAST
CET
MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE
A B C
FREE CASING A B C
AMPLITUDE TIME
CEMENTED CASING A B C
AMPLITUDE TIME
CET
MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE
ULTRASONIC PULSE STRIKES CASING NORMAL TO ITS AXIS
CASING RESONATES IN ITS THICKNESS MODE
RESONANCE DECAY OF REFLECTED PULSE
DECAY INDICATES ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE OF ANNULAR MATERIAL
RESONANT
W1 FREQUENCY
DT W3 W2
FIRE
PULSE
CEMENT EVALUATION
INTERNAL INNER THICKNESS
RADIUS SURFACE
CONDITION
SECONDARY REFLECTIONS
Gates W1 W3 W2
FREE PIPE
W2 W3 W2
0 HIGH HIGH COMPARED TO
W1 W1 W1
WELL BONDED PIPE
0 W2 LOW W3 HIGH COMPARED TO W2
W1 W1 W1
SECONDARY REFLECTIONS
0 W2 HIGH W3 LOW COMPARED TO W2
W1 W1 W1
X1 X10
VERTICAL SCALE FORMATION OR
0 10 20 30 40 50 µs
DOUBLE CASING STRING
CET
8 ULTRA SONIC TRANSDUCERS. IN DOUBLE
HELICAL ARRAY CAUSE CASING TO RESONATE
DECAY OF PULSE INDICATES ACOUSTIC
IMPEDANCE OF ANNULAR MATERIAL
9th TRANSDUCER
REFERENCE SIGNAL AND TRAVEL TIME
RADIAL MEASUREMENTS:
CASING BOND
INTERNAL RADIUS
WALL THICKNESS
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (EMPIRICAL)
CET
ULTRASONIC
TRANSDUCER
T DOUBLE T
T HELIX ARRAY
T TRANSMIT MODE
T
T
T
T
T
T RECEIVE MODE
REFERENCE
TRANSDUCER
CET BOND LOG FEATURES
TRACK 1
GAMMA RAY, TRAVEL TIME, MEAN DIAMETER
(ACOUSTIC CALIPER), MAGNETIC COLLAR
LOCATOR
TRACK 2
RELATIVE BEARING, DEVIATION, COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH (MIN. AVERAGE, MAX.)
TRACK 3
360° BONDING DISPLAY
WHITE = O psi (NOT EXACTLY; IMAL)
IMAL
BLACK = +3000 psi (NOT EXACTLY; IMAU)
IMAU
ALSO INCLUDES PIPE INSPECTION LOG AND
TOOL ECCENTRICITY
CET & CEMENT FORMATION BOND
CEMENT FORMATION BOND
THIS TOOL OFFERS NO INFORMATION
ABOUT THE CEMENT TO FORMATION
BOND
ANY INTERPRETATION MUST BE INFERRED
FROM THE CBL SEISMIC SPECTRUM
ZONAL ISOLATION (CET)
INTERPRETATION IS RELATIVELY STRAIGHT
FORWARD FROM BONDING DISPLAY (IS THAT
SURE …?)
CHANNELS = LIGHT AREAS (IS THAT SURE …?)
SHOWN BY THE ASSOCIATED REDUCTION OF
MINIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH VALUE (…?)
% CIRCUMFERENTIAL COVERAGE AND POSITION
OF CHANNELS CAN BE DETERMINED BY
MEASURING LINEARLY ACROSS DISPLAY (…?)
CET/PET SIGNAL INTEGRATION
2.0
Gas
1.5 Presence
NORMALISED CET
SIGNAL-GATE W2 1.0 Liquids
0.5 Cement
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5
NORMALIZED CET SIGNAL GATE W3
CET/PET
SIGNAL INTEGRATION
1.2
1.0
W2 INCLUDES FREE
SPURIOUS REFLECTIONS PIPE
0.8
NORMALIZED
W2 0.6
0.4 NO REFLECTIONS
THEORETICAL
0.2 LINE
STRONG CEMENT
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
NORMALIZED W3
ULTRA SONIC IMAGER
USI USES SINGLE ROTATING TRANSDUCER
ACTING AS BOTH TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER
FLUID PROPERTIES MEASURED WHILST RUNNING
IN WELL
SENSOR UNIT TARGET PLATE
TARGET PLATE
CASING
ULTRA SONIC IMAGER
LOGGING MEASUREMENT POSITION WHEN
PULLING OUT OF WELL
TARGET PLATE
SENSOR UNIT
CASING
USIT MEASUREMENTS
TRANSIT TIME TO THE CASING
CASING CORROSION AND THICKNESS
AMPLITUDE OF THE MAIN ECHO
MUD ATTENUATION
CEMENT PROPERTIES AND THICKNESS
MUD CHANNEL IDENTIFICATION (1.2 INCH
RESOLUTION)
CAN BE COMBINED WITH OTHER TOOLS,
GAMMA, CBL, COLLAR LOCATOR ETC.
USI TOOL
TELEMETRY SYSTEM
AND ELECTRONICS
CARTRIDGE
CENTRALIZER
COMPENSATING DEVICE
MOTOR ASSEMBLY
ROTATING ELECTRICAL
CONNECTION
ROTATING SEAL
INTERCHANGABLE
SUB (5" TO 10-3/4") SENSOR
USI LOG REFERENCES
USI LOG: GOOD CEMENT
USI LOG: BAD CEMENT?
USI LOG PARAMETERS
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENTS AT AMBIENT
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
SLURRY TYPE Z (Mrayl)
1 DAY 2 DAY 7 DAY
NEAT G (CEMOIL) 5.7 6.2 6.4
15.8 PPG (+8%) (+13%)
MICROSPHERES 2.2 2.9 3.4
12.0 PPG (+33%) (+52%)
G + 0.30 GAL/SK A-3L 2.3 2.5 2.9
12.0 PPG (+8%) (+25%)
NEAT G + RETARDER 5.5 6.0 6.3
15.8 PPG (+9%) (+16%)
G + 18% SALT BWOW 5.5 6.2 6.5
16.1 PPG (+12%) (+18%)
G + HEMATITE 7.6 7.7 8.0
18.0 PPG (+2%) (+6%)
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
LOW TEMPERATURE SLOW EVOLUTION
HIGH POROSITY
HIGH TEMPERATURE FAST EVOLUTION
LOW POROSITY
Z(Mrayl)
ULTRA STRONG CEMENTS
8.0
WEIGHTED CEMENTS
Months
7day
6.0 15.8 PPG CEMENTS 1 day
LOW POROSITY- LIGHTWEIGHT
4.0
HIGH POROSITY- LIGHTWEIGHT
SLURRIES
2.0
1.5 WATER
0.1 GAS
GENERIC CEMENT ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE
From Goodwin,
API,
“Worldwide
Cementing
Practices”,
1991
ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE OF DRILLING MUD
From Goodwin,
API,
“Worldwide
Cementing
Practices”,
1991
GOODWIN’S RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
ULTRASONIC LOGS (CET, PET, CAST & USIT)
PRESENTATION, SETTING AND RUNNING
Excerpts:
Acoustic impedance tracks o a Attenuation-rate
curves on a scale of 0 to 5 MRayle (Z) 1
A cement map scaled above and below
acoustic impedance of drilling mud 2
WHY?
1) Goodwin: “Oilwell / Gaswell Cement-Sheath Evaluation”,
Technology Today Series, JPT Dec. 1997, SPE 39290
2) API, “Worldwide Cementing Practices”, 1991
REASONS FOR GOODWIN’S RECOMMENDATIONS
“ Cement is cement is cement. The terms good and bad
cement imply the same thing: that there is cement in the
annulus…”
“Liquid is liquid is liquid…”
“ If solids cannot be removed from the annulus for
replacement by good cement and liquid can be removed,
then those facts limit the information we need from a log”
“All we have to t is to recognize what a liquid looks like on a
cement-evaluation log”
“… a liquid in any segment of the annulus being evaluated
should, and does, exhibit an unchanging value of
amplitude, attenuation rate or acoustic impedance (a
straight line)
GOODWIN’S
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
Goodwin: “Oilwell / Gaswell Cement-Sheath Evaluation”,
Technology Today Series, JPT Dec. 1997, SPE 39290
INFLUENCE OF CASING SIZE
THE LARGER THE CASING SIZE
LOWER E1 AMPLITUDE IN FREE PIPE
SMALLER EFFECTIVE SPACING
OFTEN THICKER CASING
OFTEN LOWER ATTENUATION RATE
OFTEN HIGHER CEMENTED PIPE
AMPLITUDE
HIGHER MICROANNULUS PROBABILITY
END
ANY QUESTIONS?