ELECTRICAL
SYSTEM
PROTECTION
DHANUNJAY PAPPULA
CONTENTS
NEED FOR PROTECTION
NOMENCLATURE AND DEVICE NO.
TYPES OF FAULTS
PERFORMANCE REQUIRMENT OF PROTECTION
SYSTEM.
EARTHING CONCEPTS
CLASSIFICATION AND PRINCIPLES OF DIFF TYPES
OF RELAYS.
INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL RELAY.
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS :
[Link].
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] lines. Etc.
FAULTS
In an electric power system, a fault or fault
current is any abnormal electric current. For
example, a short circuit is a fault in which current
bypasses the normal load.
Reasons:
[Link] Failure
[Link] path failure
Consequences :
[Link] Failure.
[Link]
[Link] Failure. Etc.
PROTECTION SYSTEM
Circuit Breaker
Isolators
Surge Arrestor.
CT/PT(Transducers)
Protective relays.
TYPES OF FAULTS
Symmetrical Faults:
3Phase faults with ground
3Phase faults without ground
Unsymmetrical Faults:
Line-Ground (L-G) Fault
Line-Line (L-L)Fault
Line-line-Ground (L-L-G)Fault
Open circuit faults
FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULTS
Types of faults Fault symbol % of total faults
Line to Ground L-G 85
Line to Line L-L 8
Double Line to 2L-G 5
Ground
Three Phase 3-Phase 2
EARTHING CONCEPTS
In electrical engineering, ground or earth is the
reference point in an electrical circuit from which
voltages are measured, a common return path
for electric current, or a direct physical
connection to the Earth.
WHY GROUNDING?
To minimize transient over voltages due to
lightning
To allow sufficient fault current to flow
safely for proper operation of protective
relays during ground faults.
To eliminate persistent arcing grounds.
To ensure safety of personnel against
electric shocks.
TYPES OF GROUNDING
[Link] Grounding
Neutral grounding deals with the grounding of system
neutral to ensure system security and protection.
Types:
a. Solid Grounding
b. Impedence(R-L) Grounding
[Link] Grounding
Equipment grounding deals with the grounding of
non- current carrying metallic part to ensure safety of
personnel and protection against lightning.
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is an automatically
operated electrical switch designed to protect
an electrical circuit from damage caused by over
current or short circuit. Its basic function is to
interrupt current flow after a fault is detected .
Types of CB:
[Link] Break CB
[Link] CB
[Link] CB
4.SF6 CB
CTS
Use- Obtain current signals from power system
for the purpose of Measurement , Control and
Protection.
Types of CTs
[Link] CTs- High accuracy , saturates at
125% of load.
[Link] CTs-Saturation level is very high.
Standardized output of CTs is 1AMP or 5AMP
PTS
Potential transformer is a voltage step-
down transformer which reduces the
voltage of a high voltage circuit to a
lower level for the purpose of
measurement. These are connected
across or parallel to the line which is to
be monitored.
Standardized output of Pt is 110v.
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
Relay is the brain behind the whole system.
It senses the fault, locates it and sends the
trip command to circuit breaker to isolate
the faulty section.
QUALITIES OF PROTECTION
SYSTEMS
Selectivity
Reliability
Sensitivity
Stability
Fast operation
TYPES OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS
Electromechanical relays
[Link] armature relays.
[Link] relays.
Static relays
Numerical relays
NUMERICAL RELAYS
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
DSPs
Multiplexer
A-D converters
Algorithms
ADVANTAGES 0F NUMERICAL
RELAYS
Compact size
Flexibility due to programmability
Communication feature
Self supervision
High Accuracy.
Speed of operation
Memory feature is available
Multiple functions