Massive MIMO Systems for 5G

and beyond Networks

Image Encryption Using 2D Chaotic

Ma
Presented by Nazish Khalid
WHY?
 High Traffic demands

• Deployment of cellular system

• Local area Network
• Internet of things
• Machine to Machine Communication
 Wireless network

• Bandwidth (spectrum)

• Densifying the cells to achieve the required area throughput

• Spectral efficiency
An efficient wireless access technology that can increase the wireless area
throughput without increasing the bandwidth or densifying the cell is
essential to achieve the ongoing demands faced by the wireless carriers.
 Massive MIMO

• MIMO stands for Multiple-input multiple-output. While it involves multiple technologies,

MIMO can essentially be boiled down to this single principle: a wireless network that
allows the transmitting and receiving of more than one data signal simultaneously over
the same radio channel.

• Standard MIMO networks tend to use two or four antennas. Massive MIMO, on the other
hand, is a MIMO system with an especially high number of antennas.
 Massive MIMO
• Enthralling wireless access technology to deliver the needs of 5G and beyond networks

• Massive MIMO is an extension of MIMO technology, which involves using hundreds and
even thousands of antennas attached to a base station to improve spectral efficiency and
throughput

• This technology is about bringing together antennas, radios, and spectrum together to
enable higher capacity and speed for the incoming 5G

• Increase throughput and spectral efficiency

• Array gain

• Massive MIMO and intelligent sensing system are inextricably linked.

 Cellular Networks

The mobile communication era started in the early 1980s, and since then, mobile
communication has experienced tremendous growth in the past few decades. Cellular
networks have evolved from 1G to 5G and beyond. All cellular networks are composed of
base stations, user equipment (phones),and core networks

The evolution of mobile communication from 1G to 5G.

 1G
• The 1G mobile networks were introduced in the early 1980s and used analog signals for
voice-only services.

• 1G systems used Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and offered data rates up
to 2.4 kbps.

• They had poor voice quality due to high interference. 1G systems included Advanced
Mobile

• Phone Systems (AMPS), Total Access Communication System (TACS), and Nordic
Communication System
 2G
• The second-generation (2G) mobile networks were introduced in the early 1990s and were
generally considered digital versions of 1G networks. Along with voice services, they allowed
Short

• Message Service (SMS) and basic email services. These systems used Code Division Multiple
Access

• (CDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and offered data rates from 14.4 kbps up to
64 kbps.

• 2G systems included Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) and IS-95 CDMA.

• 2G networks have limited mobility and hardware capability

 3G
• The 3G mobile networks were introduced in the early 2000s and were based on GSM and
CDMA.

• These systems offered web browsing on mobile phones along with voice, Multimedia
Message Support(MMS), and SMS services.

• 3G systems included Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) and

WCDMA.

• Smartphones became popular in the mid-2000s. 3G networks provided data ratesupward

of 384 Kbps, but they required large bandwidth and complex infrastructure
 4G
• The 4G mobile networks were introduced in the early 2010s. 4G networks offer data rates
up to 100 Mbps and can handle more data traffic with a better quality of service (QoS).

• 4G networks include applications like video conferencing, online gaming, and mobile
television.

• 4G systems include Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Long

Term Evolution (LTE),and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A)

• The frequency bands of 4G are considerably expensive, and high-end 4G enabled cell
phones are required to operate 4G networks
 5G
• The 5G mobile networks are currently starting to be implemented and aim to be 100
times faster than current 4G networks. Advantages of 5G are
• Data rate:
• Data rate
• Latency
• Efficient signaling
• User experience
• Spectral efficiency
• Energy efficiency
• Ubiquitous Connection
• Battery life
 5G Challenges
• Frequency bands

• Coverage Cost

• Device Support

• Security and Privacy

• Availability

• Cybercrime
 6G
• The 6G mobile networks are complete wireless networks with no limitation. It is currently
in the developmental stage, and it will provide incredible transmission speed in the
terabit range.
• 6G networks are expected to be introduced in the year 2030. Some of the advantages of
6G networks are
• Data rate.
• Latency
• Efficient signaling
• User experience Spectral efficiency
• Energy efficiency
• Ubiquitous Connection
Comparsion
The 8 Key enabling technologies for 5G and beyond networks.
Millimeter and terahertz wave band
 Small Cells or Heterogeneous
Networks
• Small cells are low power tiny base stations that can be placed within every 100 m
distance to cover small geographical areas.

• These low power base stations prevent the signal from dropping in crowded areas. Small
cells are very light and small; thus, they can be placed anywhere.

• If we are using millimeter waves instead of the traditional sub-6 GHz spectrum, the small
cell can become even smaller and can be fitted in tiny places. The small cells will play a
significant role in delivering high-speed mobile broadband and ultra-low latency for 5G.

• Small Cells can be further divided into microcells, femtocells, and Pico cells based on
coverage area and the number of users it can support
 Beamforming
• Beamforming is the ability of the base station to adapt the radiation
pattern of the antenna
• Beamforming helps the base station to find a suitable route to
deliver data to the user, and it also reduces interference with
nearby users along the route

• Beamforming has several advantages for 5G networks and beyond.

Depending upon the situation, beamforming technology can be
implemented in several different ways in future networks.
• For massive MIMO systems, beamforming helps with increasing
spectrum efficiency, and for millimeter waves, it helps in boosting
data rate. In massive MIMO systems, the base station can send
data to the user from various paths, and beamforming here
choreographs the packet movement and arrival time to allow more
users to send data simultaneously. Since the millimeter waves
cannot penetrate through obstacles and do not propagate to longer
distances due to a shorter wavelength, beamforming here helps to
send concentrated beams towards the users. Thus, beamforming
helps a user to receive a strong signal without interference with
other users.
Device Centric Architecture
Full Duplex Technology
Massive MIMO Uplink and downlink
Comparison of Traditional MIMO and Massive MIMO System
 Uplink Transmission

• Let us consider a massive MIMO uplink system

equipped with M antennas at the base station and
simultaneously communicating with N (MN) single-
antenna users. If the signal transmitted by the user
or the deterministic pilot signal to estimate the
channel is x 2 CN, the signal received at the base
station during uplink is given as :

• The interference added is independent of the user

signal x, but it can be dependent on the channel H.
 Downlink Transmission

• Let us consider a downlink massive MIMO system, where

base station equipped with M antennas, and it is serving N
users having a single antenna simultaneously. The base
station sends independent information to multiple users
simultaneously.
 Advantages Of Massive MIMO in 5G and beyond networks
• Spectral Efficiency Energy Efficiency

• High Data Rate

• User Tracking

• Low Power Consumption

• Less Fading

• Low Latency Robustness

• Reliability

• Enhanced Security
Challenges in Massive MIMO and Mitigation Techniques
 Pilot Contamination
• In massive MIMO systems, the base station needs the
channel response of the user terminal to get the estimate
of the channel. The uplink channel is estimated by the
base station when the user terminal sends orthogonal
pilot signals to the base station. Furthermore, with the
help of channel reciprocity property of massive MIMO,
the base station estimates the downlink channel towards
the user terminal .
• If the pilot signals in the home cell and neighboring cells
are orthogonal, the base station obtains the accurate
estimation of the channel. However, the number of
orthogonal pilot signals in given bandwidth and period is
limited, which forces the reuse of the orthogonal pilots in
neighboring cells. The same set of orthogonal pilot used
in neighboring cells will interfere with each other, and
the base station will receive a linear combination of
channel response from the home cell and the
neighboring cells. This phenomenon is known as pilot
contamination, and it limits achievable throughput
 Channel Estimation
• For signal detection and decoding, massive MIMO relies on Channel State Information
(CSI).CSI is the information of the state of the communication link from the transmitter
to the receiver and represents the combined effect of fading, scattering, and so forth. If
the CSI is perfect, the performance of massive MIMO grows linearly with the number of
transmitting or receive antennas, whichever is less
 Precoding

• Precoding is a concept of beamforming which supports the multi-stream transmission in

multi-antenna systems. Precoding plays an imperative role in massive MIMO systems as
it can mitigate the effect created by path loss and interference, and maximizes the
throughput. In massive MIMO systems, the base station estimates the CSI with the help
of uplink pilot signals or feedback sent by the user terminal. The received CSI at the base
station is not uncontrollable and not perfect due to several environmental factors on the
wireless channel
User Scheduling
Hardware Impairments
 Energy efficiency

• Energy efficiency is the ratio of spectral efficiency and the transmit power, and massive
MIMO can provide substantial energy efficiency gains by achieving higher spectral
efficiency with low power consumption.

• However, the increasing number of the antenna does always increase the spectral
efficiency, because the power consumption also increases along with the number of
antenna and more number of users. Based on this analogy, many studies have been
carried out to build energy-efficient massive MIMO systems.
Signal Detection
Can Our Current Mobile Phones Use Massive MIMO Technology?
Machine Learning and Deep Learning for Massive MIMO Systems
Summary of Massive MIMO System, its Characteristics, Benefits,
and Challenges
The need for an efficient cellular spectrum that can accommodate the
tremendous surge in wireless data traffic is imminent. Massive MIMO wireless
access technology is the answer to this global demand. Massive MIMO
technology groups together antennas at both transmitter and the receiver to
provide high spectral and energy efficiency using relatively simple processing.
Given the worldwide need for an efficient spectrum, a limited amount of
research has been conducted on massive MIMO technology . Thus, several
open research challenges are still in the way of this emerging wireless access
technology