Software and its power
Chapter -3
By
Anila Yasmeen
[Link]@[Link]
Introduction to Computing
Hamdard University
2 The Operating System
Introduction to Computing
The Operating System
3
Operating system (OS), consists of the low-level,
master system of programs that manage the basic
operations of the computer.
These programs provide resource management
services of many kinds.
It handles the control and use
of hardware resources, including
Disk space
Memory
CPU time allocation
Peripheral devices
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
The Operating System
4
Operating system allows you to concentrate on your
own tasks (or applications) rather than on the
complexities of managing the computer.
Each application program is written to run on top of a
particular operating system.
An operating system written for one kind of hardware
will not be able to run on another kind of machine.
Different operating systems usually are incompatible.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
The Operating System
5
Different makes (brands) of computers have their own operating
systems.
For example
Cray supercomputers use UNICOS
IBM mainframes use MVS and VM
PCs run Windows or Linux
Apple Mac run the Macintosh OS
Cellphones have their own operating systems
Apple’s iPhone OS 3.0, which works with iPhones only
Google and the Open Handset Alliance’s Android operating system
for mobile devices
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
The Operating System
6
Before we start, we should have an idea of
what an operating system does.
Understand following terms:
Booting
CPU Management
File Management
Task Management
Security Management
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
The Operating System
Booting
7
Booting is the process of loading an operating system into a
computer’s main memory.
This loading is accomplished automatically by programs
stored permanently in the computer’s electronic circuitry
(read-only memory) ROM.
When you turn on the machine, diagnostic program test
Main memory
Central processing unit
Other parts of the system
to make sure they are running properly
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
The Operating System
Booting
8
Cold Boot & Warm boot
When you power up a computer by turning on the power [ON]
switch, this is called a cold boot.
If your computer is already on and you restart it, this is called a
warm boot .
Boot Disk
Nowadays computer would boot from the hard drive, but if that
drive is damaged, you can use a disk to start up your computer.
A boot disk is a floppy disk/Disc Image (ISO) that contains all the
files needed to launch the OS.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
The Operating System
CPU Management
9
The central task of an operating system is the
supervisory job.
Like a traffic police directing traffic, the kernel, to
manage the CPU (the central processing unit).
It remains in memory while the computer is running
and directs other nonresident (that are not in memory)
programs to perform tasks that support application
programs.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
The Operating System
CPU Management
10
Programs and data that are to be executed or
processed wait (on disk) in queues .
A queue is a first-in, first-out sequence of data
and/or programs that wait in line in a temporary
holding place to be processed.
The disk area where the programs or documents
wait is called a buffer.
Print jobs are usually spooled —that is, placed—into
a buffer, where they wait in a queue to be printed.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
The Operating System
File Management
11
Files containing programs and data are located in
many places on your hard disk and other secondary
storage devices.
The operating system records the storage location of
all files.
If you [move] , [rename], or [delete] a file, the
operating system manages such changes and helps
you locate and gain access to it.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
The Operating System
File Management (in Windows)
12
By Asad Ur Rehman
The Operating System
Task Management
13
Task is an operation such as . .
Storing (writing)
Printing or Calculating
Computer is required to perform many different tasks at once
(multitasking).
Example: in word processing application
It accepts input data
Stores the data on a disk
Prints out a document
Most desktop operating systems are single-user systems that can
handle more than one program at the same time —
Word processing, and spreadsheet
Database searcher
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
The Operating System
Task Management (Multitasking)
14
You may be writing a report on your computer with one
program while another program plays a music CD.
Operating system directs the processor to spend a
predetermined amount of time executing the instructions
for each program, one at a time.
Small part of the first program is processed
. . then the processor moves to the other programs
one at a time, processing small parts of each program
cycle is repeated until processing is complete
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
The Operating System
Security Management
15
Operating systems allow users to control access to their
computers—an especially important matter when several
people share a computer or the same computer network.
Users gain access in the same manner as accessing their email
—via a user ID and a password.
When you first boot up a new personal computer, the OS will
prompt you to choose a user name and a password.
Then, every time after that, when you boot up your computer,
you will be prompted to type in your user name and password.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
The Operating System
Device Drivers
16
Device drivers are specialized software programs that allow
input and output devices to communicate with the rest of
the computer system.
Each device’s brand and model are supported by a different
driver that works with only one operating system.
Many device drivers come with the system software when
you buy a computer, and the system software will guide you
through choosing and installing the necessary drivers.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
The Operating System
Utility Programs
17
Utility programs, perform tasks related to the control and
allocation of computer resources.
They enhance existing functions or provide services not
supplied by other system software programs.
Most computers come with built-in utilities as part of the
system software. However, they may also be bought separately
as external utility programs such as
Norton Utilities
McAfee Antivirus
File compression
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
The Operating System
Utility Programs
18
Tasks performed by utilities are backing up
data, compressing files, recovering lost data,
and identifying hardware problems.
Following are some example of Utilities
Data Recovery
Virus Protection
File Defragmentation
Disk Scanner (ScanDisk)
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
19 Features of User Interface
Intro to Computing
Features of User Interface
20
First thing you look at when you load any system
software on the screen is user interface — the user-
controllable screen that allows you to interact, with the
computer.
Like the dashboard on a car, the user interface has
gauges that show you what’s going on and switches and
buttons for controlling what you want to do.
From this screen, you choose the application programs
you want to run or the files of data you want to open.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
Features of User Interface
Title Bars, Menu Bars, Tool Bars
21
If you want to go to a document, there are three general ways to
begin working from a typical Microsoft Windows GUI desktop:
1) You can click on the Start button at the lower left corner and then
make a selection from the pull up menu that appears.
2) You can click on the [My Computer] icon on the desktop and pursue
the choices offered there.
3) You can click on the [My Documents] icon and then on the folder
that contains the document you want.
In each case, the result is the same: the document is displayed in the
window.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
Features of User Interface
22
Title Bar
Menu bar: Below the
title bar is the menu
Title bar: The title bar bar, which shows the
runs across the very top names of the various
of the display window pull-down menus
and shows the name of available.
the folder you are in —
for example,
“My Computer.”
Toolbar: displays menus and icons
representing frequently used
options or commands
Windows XP
Task Bar
By Asad Ur Rehman
23 Common Operating Systems
Introduction to Computing
Common Operating Systems
24
The platform is the particular processor model and
operating system on which a computer system is based.
For example:
Mac platforms (Apple Macintosh)
Windows platforms or PC platforms such as
Dell, Compaq
Lenovo, Gateway
Hewlett-Packard
which run MS-Windows
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
Common Operating Systems
Macintosh OS
25
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
Common Operating Systems
26
A legacy system is an older, outdated, yet
still functional technology, such as the
DOS operating system.
Disk Operating System (DOS) —was the
original operating system produced by
Microsoft and had a hard-to-use
command-driven user interface.
Its initial 1982 version was designed to
run on the IBM PC as PC-DOS.
Later Microsoft licensed the same system
to other computer makers as MS-DOS.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
Common Operating Systems
Disk Operating System (DOS)
27
dir command
[Link]
[Link]
C prompt
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
Common Operating Systems
Early version of Windows
28
Windows 3.0, a graphical environment, is the third
major release of Microsoft Windows, and was
released on May, 1990.
Windows 3.X evolved into the Windows 95
operating system, which was succeeded by Windows
98 and Windows Me.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
Common Operating Systems
Early version of Windows
29
Windows XP
Microsoft Windows XP, introduced in 2001.
Combined elements of networking software and
Windows Me with a new GUI.
Windows VISTA
Windows Vista was introduced in 2007.
To create Vista, Microsoft rebuilt Windows from scratch.
It does have a dazzling interface, glitzier graphics, and
improved security tools.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
Common Operating Systems
Early version of Windows
30
Windows 7
Windows 7 the newest version of Microsoft Windows
was released in 2009.
Windows 7 comes in various versions
Starter
Home Basic
Home Premium
Professional
Enterprise (for multi-user businesses)
Ultimate (for retail businesses)
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
Common Operating Systems
Network Operating Systems
31
Network operating system (NOS) refers to software that
implements an operating system of some kind that is oriented to
computer networking.
For example, one that runs on a server and enables the server
to . . .
Manage data, users, groups
Security, applications
Other networking functions
Network operating system is designed to allow shared file and
printer access among multiple computers in a network, typically a
local area network (LAN), a private network or to other networks.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
Common Operating Systems
Network Operating Systems
32
Novell Netware
NetWare has long been a popular network operating
system for coordinating microcomputer-based local area
networks (LANs) throughout a company or a campus.
LANs allow PCs to share programs, data files, and printers
and other devices.
A network OS is usually located on a main server, which
controls the connectivity of connected smaller networks
and individual computers.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
Common Operating Systems
Network Operating Systems
33
Windows NT & NT Server
Windows desktop operating systems (95/98/Me/
XP/Vista/7) can be used to link PCs in small networks
in homes and offices.
Windows NT (the NT stands for New Technology)
and now called Windows Server 2008, is the
company’s multitasking operating system designed
to run on network servers in businesses of all sizes.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
Common Operating Systems
Network Operating Systems
34
UNIX, Solaris
Unix was developed at AT&T’s Bell Laboratories in 1969 as
an operating system for minicomputers.
By the 1980s, AT&T entered into partnership with Sun
Microsystems to develop a standardized version of Unix for
sale to industry.
Today Unix is a proprietary multitasking operating system
for multiple users that has built-in networking capability
and versions that can run on all kinds of computers.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
Common Operating Systems
Network Operating Systems
35
UNIX
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
Common Operating Systems
Network Operating Systems
36
LINUX
It began in 1991 when programmer Linus Torvalds,
a graduate student in Finland, posted his free Linux
operating system on the internet.
Linux is a free version of Unix, and its continual
improvements result from the efforts of tens of
thousands of volunteer programmers.
Linux is open-source software —meaning any
programmer can download it from the internet for
free and modify it with suggested improvements.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
37 Application Software
Introduction to Computing
Application Software
38
Application software is a set of one or more programs designed
to carry out operations for a specific application.
Application software cannot run on itself but is dependent on
system software to execute.
Examples of application software include
Library management system
Enterprise Resource Management (ERP)
Supply chain management software
Banking Application (Teminos)
Games / Simulation Software
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
Application Software
39
Commercial software
Commercial software, also called proprietary software or
packaged software, is software that’s offered for sale,
such as MS-Office, or Adobe PhotoShop.
Software manufacturers don’t sell you their software;
rather, they sell you a license to become an authorized
user of it.
In paying for a software license, you sign a contract in
which you agree not to make copies of the software to
give away or resell.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
Application Software
40
Shareware is copyrighted software that is distributed free
of charge, but users are required to make a monetary
contribution, or pay a registration fee, to continue using it
—in other words, you can try it before you buy it.
Freeware is copyrighted software that is distributed free
of charge, most often over the internet.
Why would any software creator let his or her product go for
free?
Sometimes developers want to see how users respond, so that
they can make improvements in a later version.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
Application Software
41
Pirated software is software obtained illegally, as
when you get a CD/DVD from a friend who has made
an copy of, say, a commercial video game.
Occasionally, companies or individuals need
software written specifically for them, to meet
unique needs. This software is called custom
software.
By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing
That is all