4.

The specific Static Rotor Work Yp

Specific Static rotor work
1
YP   P3  P0 

Where P0, P3 = static pressures at points 0,3
(P0 – P3) = static pressure difference of the rotor
ρ = density, in case of a compressible medium average of
ρ0 and ρ3 .
Yp can be calculated from the energy difference of the flow medium
between o and 3
P3  P0 C32  C02
Yblade Z u  
 2
Where
Yblade  U 2C3U  U1C0U  U 2C3 cos  3  U1C0 cos  0
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 1
 • Applying the cos-theorem of a triangle

b a C W
α α

C U
2bc cos   b 2  c 2  a 2 2CU cos   C 2  U 2  W 2
Yblade  U 2C3U  U1C0U  U 2C3 cos  3  U1C0 cos  0

Yblade 
1 2
2

C 3  U 32  W32  C 02  U 02  W 02 

1 2
2

C 3  C 02  U 32  U 02  W 02  W32 
• It follows

C32  C02
YP  Yblade 
2
1

Z u  U 32  U 02  W 02  W 32 Z u
2


AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 2

 Bernoulli Equation of the Relative Flow
• Neglecting the hydraulic loss, i.e. Zu = 0,

P3  P0  W 0 U 1   W32 U 22 
2 2

YP       
  
 2 2   2 2 

• It follows
P3 W32 U 22 P0 W02 U12
    
 2 2  2 2

• The above formula applies to any points along the flow line
passing the vane channel

P W2 U2 Bernoulli Equation of the

   const
 2 2 Relative Flow

AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 3

 Impulse and Reaction Type of
Turbomachines

• Considering YP, the turbomachine can be grouped into:

A. “Impulse” type of Turbomachines

B. Reaction type of Turbomachines

AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 4

AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 5
 Equal Pressure or Impulse Type of
Turbomachines
• Example A. Single-Stage Steam Turbine P3  P0  0 and YP  0

Turbo machines without pressure difference in front of and beyond the rotor.
The entirely available pressure difference (P3-P0) is converted
into velocity in the stationary guide vanes
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 6
 Impulse Type

• The velocity existing in the clearance between the stationary

guide vanes and the rotor blades is the highest , i.e. C3 = C3max
attainable

• The absolute velocity is reduced from C3 to C0 ,While the flow

passes through the rotor.

• The specific2 static rotor2 work Yp is (for axial flow U1=U2 =

P3  P0  W U   W3 U 2  
1 2
3   Zu
2 2
YP U)
  
0 1     YP  W  W 2

   2 0

 2 2   2 2 

AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 7

 Impulse Type
• Neglecting the hydraulic lose Zu of the
rotor, it follows because Yp = 0.
YP 
1
2
 
W 02  W32  Z u W0  W3

• Considering the loss:

W0  W3
• Where the velocity coefficient  takes in to account the drop
in kinetic energy due to Zu;  <1.

• The condition Wo ≈W3 demands rotor blades of the ‘hook-

form’ type, i.e. β2 > 900.
Blades of a constant-pressure steam or Gas
turbine. ‘a’ is the channel width at all points
approximately equal

AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 8

 Impulse Type

• If blade has uniform thickness, the flow while passing the

channel is first decelerated then accelerated.
• Such change in the flow velocity is undesirable as it leads to
unnecessary losses.
• In order to obtain W≈ const. along the vane channel the blade
must be designed with strong profiling; however, such blades
are costly

AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 9

 • The specific work Yblade of an impulse steam turbine stage as for a
given velocity U2 proportional to the velocity C 3

Yblade  U 2C3U  U 2C3 cos  3  C3  C3 max  att. For α0 = 900

• Steam turbines are designed with approximately the same angle α3=15
to 20 degrees.
• As C3 of impulse steam turbines has highest possible value C 3max-att. The
spec. work Yblade of these turbines has highest value

Ybladeimpulse t .  Yblade max . att. for a given U 2

• The peripheral velocity U2 will be lowest for a given Yblade if the

turbine is designed as impulse turbine
• Impulse turbines are slow running turbines
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 10
 Over-Pressure or Reaction Type of
Turbomachine
• Example B: Single-Stage Reaction Steam Turbine
Turbo-machines with pressure difference in front and beyond the
rotor, i.e. (P3-P0) ≠ 0 , Yp> 0

• Part of the pressure drop occurs across the guide vanes and part
occurs across the rotor,
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 11
 Comparison of Impulse and Reaction
Turbines
• Thus C3<C3max-attainable and, hence, the spec. work Yblade =U2C3U
of the reaction turbine is smaller than that of the impulse
turbine if the same velocity U2 is assumed

• The velocity U of reaction turbines has to be higher than that

of impulse turbines if the same Yblade is to be obtained.

• Reaction turbines may be classified as fast running

turbomachines.

AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 12

 Comparison of Impulse and Reaction Turbines

• β1 should be small but not too small as leads to strong

whirls in the discharge flow.
• The angle β2 of reaction turbines is β2≤900 and, thus, differs
from that of impulse turbines.
• The blade of reaction turbine does not have the hook form.
• As the relative velocity increases from W3 to W0, the
channel width decreases and no profile is necessary in
order to obtain equal channel width.
• Reaction turbine has more stages because of the lower Yblade
of its single stage.

AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 13

 Comparison of Impulse and Reaction
Turbines
Summary
– Impulse turbines: High-head, low
flow rate devices.
– Moving blade row changes only the
direction of the steam.
– Reaction turbines: Low-head, high-
flow rate devices.
• Moving blade row changes both the
speed and direction of the steam
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 14
 Degree of Reaction

Spec. Static rotor work Y

Degree of reaction   P
Spec. work between inlet and outlet (of the stage ) Y

impulse machine : YP  0 and R  0

reaction machine : YP  0 and 0  R  1 ( R  1in some special cases )

The reaction effect exists also in case of radial or mixed flow rotors
where U1≠U2 even for |W0| =|W3| as shown by the equation
P3  P0  W 0 U 1   W32 U 22 
2 2

YP       
  
 2 2   2 2 

1 2
 
U 2  U 12  W 02  W32 Z u
1 2

U 2  U 12 Z u 
R 2  2 0
Y Y
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 15
 Blade Speed Ratio
• The blade speed ratio as defined below is widely used in the
calculation of turbines especially of steam turbines.
U U
Blade Speed Ratio  
CY 2Y

• CY  2Y is the velocity which could be obtained if the spec.

work Y is converted without losses completely into velocity.

CY 
C2 Where  is velocity coefficient of guide vanes
 1 R (referring to velocity losses)

U h 1

CY 2 cos  2 1  R
After some derivation
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 16
• Assuming the following data: ηh = 0.85;  =0.98; α2= 300.
h
1
2 cos  2
U  1
   for R  0
• The blade speed ratio has the value  CY  R 0 2
U  1
   for R  0.5
 CY  R 0.5 2

• The following values of the blade speed ratio are obtained for
actual machines:
U 
impuse steam turbines    0
.35 to 0
.47  k'
 CY  R  0 Cheap Design. small power high qualitydesign l arg e power

U  k' 0.35 to 0.47

reaction steam turbines    
 CY  R 0 1 R 1 R
U 
Pelton Turbines    0.44 to 0.47
 CY  R 0
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 17
 (Page 57, Scheer, Text) Calculation of Mean Diameter and
Peripheral Velocity using the Blade Speed Ratio

AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 18

 The Vane Angle β2

• Three different axial-flow vanes, namely form A, B, C for which

U2, C2m and β1 are the same but the angle β2 differ

AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 19

 • A similar sketch for three different radial-flow vanes with
β2<900 (form a), β2=900 (form b) and β2>900 (form c) is given
below.

• Vanes form b, c as ‘forward-curved’ vanes

Vane form a as ‘backward-curved’ vanes

AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 20
 The following relation exists between β2 and U2
 Case:α0=900
Yblade  U 2C3U and Yblade  U 2C2u
where, C2u  U 2  W2U  U 2  C2 m cot  2 , then
Yblade  U 2 U 2  C2 m cot  2  and it follows
2
C2 m  C2 m 
U2      Yblade
2 tan  2  2 tan  2 

 Case:α0≠900

2
C2 m  C2 m 
U2      Yblade  U1COU
2 tan  2  2 tan  2 

AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 21

 2
C2 m  C2 m 
U2      Yblade  U1COU
2 tan  2  2 tan  2 
• The necessary peripheral velocity U2 for a given Yblade∞ can be
determined by these equation if the vane angle β2 is assumed.
• A large β2 , decreases U2 and the size of the rotor decreases,
too, if the speed n is not altered:

AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 22

 Shape Number
• The rotor shape is a function of n, V and Y.

• Shape number (Nshape) is a dimensionless number

and is used to define the shape of the rotor by relating n, V
and Y.  3  2 
 1  m   m 
N shape1  n  V  Y 2  , assume   1;
 s  s   s 
1  
1  m   m 
3 2
1       2   m0 s 0
s  s   s 
• It follows
m: 3  2  0
n V
S:  1    2  0
Thus, N shape1  n1V 1 / 2Y 3 / 4 
Y34
1
1  2  0 or 
2
thus , 2  
3
or  
3 nsh  1000 N shape
2 4
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 23
 Shape Number N shape1  n1V 1 / 2Y 3 / 4 
n V
Y34

1. Effect of Increase in speed n on the shape

of the rotor (with unchanged β2,V and Y)
 The unchanged Y demands the same velocity triangle at 2.

Y  Yblade  Yblade  U 2C2U

 The unchanged velocity triangle can be obtained for

increased speed n but same velocity U as demanded by the
unchanged velocity triangle only at a smaller outer diam.

AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 24

 2. Effect of Increase in speed n on the shape
of the rotor
(with unchanged β2,V and Y)
n V
N shape1  n1V 1 / 2Y 3 / 4 
Y34

AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 25

 3. Effect of Increase in V on the shape of the
slow running rotor N 1  n V Y 1 1/ 2 3 / 4

n V
shape
Y34
(with unchanged β2,n ,D2,and Y)
V  2r1b1Com  2r3b3C3m
 The larger volume V can be obtained only by increasing the
channel width (b) and the eye dia. Ds
 The meridian component of the velocity must remain
unchanged because of the unchanged Y with same n and D2
 Demanding unchanged velocity triangle at 2.

AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 26

 Specific Speed
• A relation which is based on the head H instead on the spec. work
Y is called Specific Speed.

n V
nq 
H34

• Where the values has a unit of n(rpm), V(m 3/s) and H(m).
• nq is not dimensionless for metric system n q has the following
unit
34
m 60 s  m3 4 
nq  9.813 4  2  N shape  333 N shape  
s  1 min  s . min 

• For water turbines a specific speed derived from n, H and N is

often used. n N
ns 
H5 4
27
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 27
 Comparison of pump profile

28
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 28
 Best specific Speed Range for Different Type of
Hydraulic Turbines

29
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 29
 Table of design evaluation
Number of criteria 1 2 3 4
pole pairs
n(sync) Rpm 2950 1450 950 730
1/s 49.2 24.2 15.3 12.2
Nshape 10-3 219 108 71 54

Efficiency 10 10 9 6 3
(less
efficient)
size 10 10 9 6 4

30
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 30
 Values of Shape Number and Specific
Speed

Values of Nshape, nq and ns:

1000Nshape nq (water turbine)ns

Slow- running rotor 33 to 120 11 to 38 40 to 140

Medium-running rotor 120 to 250 38 to 82 140 to 300

Fast –running rotor 250 to 500 82 to 164 300 to 600

axial-flow rotor 330 to 1500 110 to 500 400 to 1800

31
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 31
 Example
• The quantity of water available for a hydro
electric power is Q=260 m3/sec under a head of
H=1.73 m. Assuming the speed of the turbine to
be n=50 rpm & there efficiency to be 82.5%.
Find the number of turbines required.

Assume for the example , ns = 890 (metric units).

32
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 32
 Solution
We have:
n N 50 N
ns  5 4 890 
H 5
1.73 4

N = 1247.255MHP = 917356.05W

Ntotal=ηρQY=ηρQgH = .825*1000*260*9.81*1.73

Ntotal=3640343.85 W

Number of turbines = Ntotal/N

= 3640343.85 / 917356.05 =3.9 = 4 (Answer) 33
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 33
 Example
• At a location, the head available was 50 m. The
power estimated is 40,000 kW. The speed
chosen is 600 rpm. Determine the specific
speed and indicate the suitable type of turbine.

34
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 34
 Example of Application of Nshape, in the design
of Turbomachinery
• Given, design radial blower for V=1.5m 3/s,
Y=5000m2/s2 with good efficiency. Determine
the shape of the rotor.
• Solution
• The speed n should be selected so that n = n
(synchronous speed motor should be used to
drive) n V Y 594 1 1 3/ 4

N shape1  n1V 1 / 2Y 3 / 4 
3
nN  (33 to 120) 10  16 to 58.5  966 to 3305 rpm
shape
V 1.22 s s
Y34

35
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 35
 Solution

• To get a good efficiency, n=2950 rpm is

selected from table.
• Therefore, the designed impeller has a shape
number:
n V 1.22
N shape1  n1V 1/ 2Y 3 / 4  34
 49. 2  101 . 10 3
or 333.N shape  34
Y 594

• Which is in the range of a slow-running rotor.

36
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 36
 • End of CH-4

37
AAiT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology 37