Turbo machinery
Chapter 1
1. Introduction…
What is a Turbomachine ?
Turbo is a latin word meaning ‘spin’ or ‘swirl’.
The term Turbomachinery, therefore, defined as a device that
extracts energy from a fluid ( eg:- a turbine ) or imparts energy to a
fluid (eg:- a pump) by a dynamic action of rotating parts (rotors,
impellers, vanes,…).
Turbine
Pump
Definition of a Turbo Machine
A turbo machine is basically a rotating machine, which
extracts energy or imparts energy to a continuously
flowing stream of fluid by the dynamic action of one or
more rotating blade rows.
It consists of the rotating wheel (rotor, runner, impeller) ,
which is immersed in fluid medium.
1. Introduction
The term Turbomachine consists of two words, namely Turbo and
Machine.
Machine in this context may be defined as an energy converter which
converts one form of energy into another.
Example:-
Machine
• Water turbine
Fluid • Steam Mechanical
energy turbine energy
• Gas turbine
• Wind turbine
Machine
• Fan
Mechanical • Blower Fluid
energy • Compressor energy
• Pump
1. Introduction…
Classification of Turbomachines
a) Power classifications (power is added or extracted from the fluid)
• Power absorbing machines:- extracts or absorbs mechanical power
and increase the energy of a fluid.
• These include pumps, fans, blowers, compressors,…
Fluids to be used can be liquids(water), air, steam, …
• Power developing machines:- extracts or absorbs energy from a
fluid and develop or produce mechanical power.
• These include water (hydraulic) turbines, steam turbines, gas
turbines, wind turbines, …
Fluids to be used can be liquids(water), steam, gas, air, …
Classification of Fluid Machinery
.
Dynamic/Turbomachines
(Dynamic effect between fluid stream and
solid component/rotor)
. Classification by Direction of Energy
Extract energy from fluid stream
Input energy into fluid stream
Pump, fan, compressor Hydraulic/Wind/Gas/Steam
turbine
Classification by Direction/Path of Flow
(as it passes through the blade passage.)
Radial-Flow Mixed-Flow Axial-Flow
nn
Classification of Turbomachines
.
Turbomachines can be classified in two main groups;
A. Power Machines (Turbines):- extract energy from flow
medium and transfer it to shaft of the machine.
• According to the available kind of energy power machines
can be further classified as:
1. Water turbines :- convert pressure energy
2. Wind turbines:- convert kinetic energy of the air
3. Heat Turbines:- Convert heat energy of the gas or
steam
a. steam turbines:
b. Gas turbines
.
Power Producing Turbo Machines
Air and Combustion Gas Turbines 1. Axial flow
Gas 2. Radial flow
(centrifugal)
Steam Steam Turbines 1. Impulse turbine
2. Reaction turbine
Water Hydraulic Turbines 1. Impulse turbine
2. Reaction turbine:
mixed and axial
flow
Air and Wind Wind Turbines 1. Vertical axis
2. Horizontal axis
Classification of turbo machinery
Classification of Turbomachines
.
B. Working Machines (Pumps): deliver energy from the shaft
of the machine to the flow medium.
• According to the kind of flow medium and pressure
generated working machines are further classified into:
1. Pumps (Liquid Medium)
2. Compressors (Gas Medium)
a. Fans --- Low pressure rise
b. Blowers --- medium Pressure rise
c. Turbo-Compressors ---high pressure rise
Cont…
Air Fans 1. Axial flow
2. Radial flow
(centrifugal)
Blowers 1. Axial flow
2. Radial flow
(centrifugal)
Propellers and Ducted -
Fans
Compressors 1. Reciprocating
2. Rotary: Axial flow,
radial flow, mixed
flow
Water Pump 1. Reciprocating
2. Rotary: Axial flow,
radial flow, mixed
flow
nn
Classification of Turbomachines
.
Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
Centrifugal Pump Video
Turbomachines and Their Energy Transfer Aspect
Energy extracted from a high-energy fluid stream to be
converted to useful shaft work
A fluid 1 PE of a fluid stream is
W s
stream extracted and converted to
2 shaft work OUT
Hydraulic
turbine
Streamtube
2
High 1 Low
fluid fluid
stream stream
KE of a fluid stream is extracted
W s and converted to shaft work OUT
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Turbomachines and Their Energy Transfer Aspect
Energy added to a low-energy fluid stream to raise the energy
level of the stream
Energy is added to a
fluid stream as shaft
work IN
W s
2
High fluid
Low stream
fluid
stream
1
Centrifugal fan (Radial-flow)
[Link]
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Turbomachines and Their Energy Transfer Aspect
Classification of Turbomachines based on the way in
which the flow passes through the rotor:
I. Axial-flow Machines:- the direction of the flow in the
‘meridian section’ is parallel to the axis of the rotor
Flow path ~ parallel to axis of rotation
II. Radial-flow Machines: the direction of the flow in the
meridian section is perpendicular to the rotor:
Flow path ~ perpendicular to axis of rotation
III. Mixed- flow Machines: The direction of the flow in the
meridian section has a component parallel as well as
perpendicular to the axis of the rotor.
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Axial Flow
.
• .
Radial Flow
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Mixed Flow
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Axial-Flow Working Machines
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Axial-Flow Pump
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Axial-Flow compressor
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Radial-Flow Working Machines
• Radial or Centrifugal fan
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Radial or Centrifugal Pump
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Radial or Centrifugal Compressor
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Introduction- Applications
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Introduction
• Turbo machinery: is a device that exchanges energy with a
fluid using continuously flowing fluid and rotating blades.
• Examples are : Wind turbines, Water turbines, Aircraft
engines.
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Introduction- Applications
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Introduction- Applications
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Power Machines Water Medium (Water Turbines)
• KAPLAN- or Propeller Turbine
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FRANCIS Turbine
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Pelton Turbine
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Power Machines Air, Gas Steam Medium
• Wind Mill
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Steam Turbine
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• Turbomachines have always a vaned rotor and often stationary
vanes (guide vanes). The guide vanes are mostly located at the
pressure end of the machine.
• Pressure end/flange: is the part at which the energy possessed
by the fluid is a maximum:
– In working machines, the exit end is the pressure end
– In power machines the inlet end is the pressure end
• Suction end/flange:- is the part at which the energy possessed
by the fluid is a minimum.
– In working machines, the inlet end is the Suction end
– In power machines the exit end is the Suction end
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m2
The Specific Work Y [ ] s2
The difference of the useful specific energy content of the flow
medium between the two ends of the machine is defined as ‘
specific work done between inlet and outlet of the machine =Y’
• Regarding the energy transfer in a turbomachinery is to be noted
that:
a. an increase/decrease of the useful energy content of the flow
medium in the case of working/power machines,
b. and always and increase of the non-utilizable energy content of
the flow medium.
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m2
The Specific Work Y [ ] s2
Energy absorbed by the flow medium due to
flow losses. This energy is non-utilizable.
Total energy Total
transferred Useful energy Flow energy energy
from impeller rise of the transferred available
to the flow flow medium into torque (useful)
Y Y
medium
Pump Turbine
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From Bernoulli Equation:
Total Pressure Velocity geodetic
= + +
Energy Energy Energy Energy
Thus specific 2energy2 can be given by the formula:
D
CD Cs m2
Y vdp g ZD ZS 2
S
2 s
Y Y pr Yvel Ygeo
D
Y pr vdp
Where: S
specific pressure work
C D2 Cs2
Yvel
2 kinetic energy
Ygeo g Z D Z S
AAiT
Specific geodetic energy
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• Specific energy content of the flow medium between S and D
ends of the machine can be expressed interms of ‘Head’ H.
m2 m
Y 2 g 2 H m
s s
• Note that the value of H will change if the machine works in
another field of gravity contrary to the value of Y which does
not change with g.
• Y is always measured between the suction and pressure ends
of the machine. In the case of water turbines the tail race
surface is considered as the suction end.
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Often the equation for Y can be simplified:
• In the case of Wind turbines where only velocity energy is
available, it is:
C D2 Cs2
Yvel
2
• In the case of steam turbines, the velocity and geodetic energy
can be neglected as both are very small compared with the
pressure energy, D
Y Y pr vdp
S
• In the case of pumps with equal diameters of suction and
pressure flanges, the velocity energy is zero.
Y Y pr Ygeo
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Determination of the Pressure Energy Y pr
The pressure energy represents the needed work to change the
static pressure of the flow medium from PS to PD by a process
without losses.
In case of an incompressible medium the pressure energy is:
D D
dp PD PS
Y pr vdp
S S
In case of a compressible medium the density is changing
from S to D. Ypr has to be determined by integration:
D D
dp
Y pr vdp
S S
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Consider isentropic process AB’
The course AB’ is given by the equation:
CP
P.v const . where k
K
CV
The value of the ‘const’ can be determined
from the known inlet conditions:
K
compressio n : P s .vs
K
exp ansion : P D .vD
K K
P.v Ps .vs PD .vD
K
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Compression (Pumping Machine)
Integration:
1
D
Ps vs K
D
K
Y pr Yad vdp
dp
S S
P
K 1
K 1
k P K
k P K
Y pr Yad Ps vs D
1 RTS D 1
k 1 PS k 1 PS
K 1
P K
k
Y pr Yad C PTS D 1 as gas cons tan t R C P CV nd R CP
PS k 1
From ideal gas theory , for isentropic process : P Nm
For Air : R 286.9
K 1 T kg K
TD PD K
, this gives , Nm kcal
TS PS C P 1005 0.240
kg K kg K
T
Y pr Yad C PTS D 1 C P TD TS CV 715.9
Nm
0.171
kcal
TS kg K kg K
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Expansion (turbine)
Integration:
1
D D
P v K
K
Y pr Yad vdp D D
dp
S S
P
K 1
K 1
k P K k P K
Y pr Yad PD vD 1 s RTD 1 s
k 1 PD k 1 PD
K 1
P K
Y pr Yad C PTD 1 s
PD
T
Similarly Y pr Yad C PTD 1 s
TD
Y pr Yad C P TD Ts For perfect gases
Y pr Yad iD iS For steam
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Ypr in T,s Diagram
K 1
a. Compression Y pr Yad
P
c pTs D
K
1
PS
K 1 K 1
'
For isentropic process: T P K P K
D
D
hence, T D' TS D
TS PS PS
K 1
P
K
or t ad T D' TS TS D Ts
PS
For adiabatic process:
Ypr c p t ad
dq di vdp 0 or di vdp
di vdp Y pr As di cP dT
TD'
Y pr
TS
cP dT
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Thus, Ypr is obtained if the
integration is done from TS
to TD’ along a line of const.
Cp for instance along the
pressure PD:
Ypr =Yad=CPΔtad is represented by the area
AB’B”C”C”
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B. Expansion
Y pr Yad c p t ad c p TD TS'
K 1
PS K
where t ad Ts 1
PD
Ypr=Yad is represented by
the area AB”C”C’B’
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Ypr in i,s Diagram
iD '
a. Compression: Y pr vdp di iD ' iS iad
iS
and Ypr is represented
by the distance AB.
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Ypr in i,s Diagram
iD
b. expansion: Y pr vdp di iD iS ' iad
iS '
and Ypr is represented by
the distance AB’.
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The power
• The amount of the power change of the continuous flow which
passes the machine is:
Nm
N eff MY VY or W
s
• Coupling power = effective power for ideal machines that
operate without any losses
• An actually machine involves losses . Thus the coupling
power of the machine is:
VY
for pumps
N=Shaft power N VY
VY for turbines
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END
CHAPTER
OF
1
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