INTRODUCTION
IT IS A DEVICE THAT HELPS TO PROCESS INPUT
DATA AND INSTRUCTION
CACHE MEMORY
L1 and L2 cache
Cache Hit
Cache Miss
SPEED OF MICROPROCESSOR
P1 66 – 233 MHZ
P2 233 – 450 MHZ
P3 450 – 1200 MHZ
P4 1.3 – 3.8 GHZ
TYPES
MULTITASKING
Preemptive Multitasking
Cooperative Multitasking
• MULTIPROCESSING
INTERFACE
FSB : front-side bus (FSB) is the bus that
carries data between the CPU and the
northbridge.
BSB : back-side bus (FSB) is the bus that
carries data between the CPU and the L2
Cache.
PACKAGING
PIN GRID ARRAY
PACKAGING
STAGGERED PIN GRID ARRAY
PACKAGING
SINGLE EDGE CONTACT CARTRIDGE
PACKAGING
LAND GRID ARRAY
CISC & RISC
COMPLEX INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING
required instructions are available in the
microprocessor itself and it does not have to
retrieve from RAM
REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING
limited instructions built into it. It saves the space
of microprocessor. Used for performing scientific
calculations.
INTEL Pentium PROCESSOR
Pentium is a registered trademark that is included in the brand
names of many of Intel's x86-compatible microprocessors, both
single- and multi-core.[1] The name Pentium was derived from
the Greek pente (πέντε), meaning 'five', and the Latin ending -
ium, a name selected after courts had disallowed trademarking
of number-based names like "i586" or "80586" (model numbers
cannot always be trademarked[2]). Following Intel's previous
series of 8086, 80186, 80286, 80386, and 80486
microprocessors, Intel's fifth-generation microarchitecture, the
P5, was first released under the Pentium brand on March 22,
1993. In 1995, Intel started to employ the registered Pentium
trademark also for x86 microprocessors with radically different
microarchitectures (e.g., Pentium Pro, II, III, 4, D, M, etc.)
P1 Processor
Frequency L1 CACHE FSB SOCKET Release date
60–66 MHz 16 KiB 60–66 MHz Socket 4 March 1993
75–120 MHz 16 KiB 50–66 MHz Socket 5 October 1994
133–200 MHz 16 KiB 60–66 MHz Socket 7 June 1995
120–233 MHz 32 KiB 60–66 MHz Socket 7 March 1995
166–300 MHz 32 KiB 66 MHz Socket 7 August 1997
P2 processor
Frequency L2 CACHE FSB SOCKET Release date
233–300 MHz 512 KiB 66 MHz Slot 1 May 1997
266–450 MHz 512 KiB 66–100 MHz Slot 1 January 1998
233–300 MHz 512 KiB 66 MHz MMC-2 April 1998
P3 processor
Frequency L2 CACHE FSB SOCKET Release date
450–600 MHz 512 KiB 100–133 MHz Slot 1 February 1999
Slot 1,
400–1130 MHz 256 KiB 100–133 MHz Socket 370, October 1999
BGA2, µPGA2
700– Socket 370,
1400 MHz 512 KiB 100–133 MHz BGA2, µPGA2
P4 processor
Frequency L2 CACHE FSB SOCKET Release date
1.3–2.0 GHz 256 KiB 400 MT/s Socket 423, November
Socket 478 2000
1.6–3.4 GHz 512 KiB 400–800 MT/s Socket 478 January 2002
3.2–3.46 GHz 512 KiB + 2 800– Socket 478, November
MiB L3 1066 MT/s LGA 775 2003
2.4–3.8 GHz 1 MiB 533–800 MT/s Socket 478, February 2004
LGA 775
2.8–3.8 GHz 2 MiB 800– LGA 775 February 2005
1066 MT/s
3.0–3.6 GHz 2 MiB 800 MT/s LGA 775 January 2006
SOCKET 370
Intel Celeron Mendocino
(PPGA, 300–533 MHz, 2.0 V)
Intel Celeron Coppermine (FC-
PGA, 533–1100 MHz, 1.5–
1.75 V)
Intel Celeron Tualatin (FC-
PGA2, 900–1400 MHz, 1.475–
1.5 V)
Processors Intel Pentium III Coppermine
(FC-PGA, 500–1133 MHz,
1.6–1.75 V)
Intel Pentium III Tualatin (FC-
PGA2, 1000–1400 MHz, 1.45–
1.5 V)
VIA Cyrix III/C3 (500–
1200 MHz, 1.35–2.0 V)
SOCKET 462 AMD Athlon (650 MHz
– 1400 MHz)
AMD Athlon XP (1500+
– 3200+)
AMD Duron (600 MHz
Processors – 1800 MHz)
AMD Sempron (2000+
– 3300+)
AMD Athlon MP
(1000 MHz – 3000+)
AMD Geode NX
(667 MHz – 2200 MHz)
SOCKET 478
Intel Pentium 4
(1.4 - 3.4 GHz)
Intel Celeron (1.7
- 2.8 GHz)
Processors Celeron D (2.13 -
3.2 GHz)
Intel
Pentium 4 Extre
me Edition
(3.2, 3.4 GHz)
SOCKET 754
AMD Athlon 64
(2800+ - 3700+)
AMD Sempron
(2500+ - 3400+)
Processors AMD Turion 64
(ML and MT)
AMD Mobile
Athlon 64 (2800+ -
4000+)
SOCKET 775
Intel Pentium 4 (2.60 - 3.80 GHz)
Intel Celeron D (2.53 - 3.60 GHz )
Intel Pentium 4 Extreme Edition
(3.20 - 3.73 GHz)
Intel Pentium D (2.66 - 3.60 GHz)
Pentium Extreme Edition
(3.20 - 3.73 GHz)
Processors
Pentium Dual-Core (1.40 - 3.33 GHz)
Intel Core 2 Duo (1.60 - 3.33 GHz)
Intel Core 2 Extreme (2.66 - 3.20
GHz)
Intel Core 2 Quad (2.33 - 3.00 GHz)
Intel Xeon (1.86-3.40 GHz)
Intel Celeron (1.60 - 2.40 GHz)
SOCKET 939 AMD
Athlon 64
(3000+ -
4000+)
AMD
Athlon 64 FX
(51 - 60)
AMD
Processors Athlon 64 X2
(3600+ -
4800+)
Some AMD
Opteron 1xx
series
Some Sempron
3x00+ (Step E3,
E6)
SOCKET 940
AMD Athlon
64 FX
Processors
AMD
Opteron
SLOT 1
Pentium II: 233–
450 MHz
Celeron: 266–
Processors 433 MHz
Pentium III: 450–
1.133 GHz
SLOT 2
•Intel
Pentium II Xeo
n
(400-450 MHz)
Processors
•Intel
Pentium III Xeo
n
SLOT A
AMD Athlon (500-1000
Processors
MHz)
INSTALLING
1. Zero Insertion Force
2. Low Insertion Force
OVERCLOCKING
Overclocking is the process of running a computer
component at a higher clock rate (more clock cycles
per second) than it was designed for or was specified
by the manufacturer.
DUAL CORE vs. CORE 2 DUO
The Dual Core has two physical processors and two
different cache memories. The Core 2 Duo has two
cores inside a single physical package which shares a
single cache memory.
DUAL CORE have two Processors in Series both
working at same time. while CORE 2 DUO have two
Parallel Processors which sharing their load. if one
processor heat up then it transfer load to next
processor. means parallel processing.
FEATURES AND BENEFITS of i3:
Intel® HT Technology allows each core of your
processor to work on two tasks at the same time.
Intel® Smart Cache is dynamically allocated to
each processor core based on workload, which
significantly reduces latency and improves
performance.
FEATURES AND BENEFITS of i7:
Intel® Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 dynamically
increases the processor frequency as needed by taking
advantage of thermal and power headroom when
operating below specified limits.
Intel® HT Technology allows each core of your
processor to work on two tasks at the same time.
Intel® Smart Cache is dynamically allocated to each
processor core based on workload, which significantly
reduces latency and improves performance.