KEYWORDS
BMC
Development Length
A development length can be defined as the
amount of reinforcement(bar) length needed
to be embedded or projected into the column
to establish the desired bond strength
between the concrete and steel
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◈ Effective cover is taken as distance taken from
bottom concrete section to the centre level of
the reinforcement.
◈ he clear cover is the distance between extreme
concrete section to the bottom edge of the
stirrups.
◈ Effective depth of a beam section is a distance
as measured from top of beam to steel
reinforcement centroid.
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◈ Take total depth of beam as550 mm and
effective cover as50 mm.
◈ The width of the beam is equal to 300 mm.
◈ The effective depth of section is as below.
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volume batching weight batching
In volume batching materials are In this method, materials are
measured on the basis of volume measured on the basis of weight.
Measurement boxes or gauge Weight batches or other type of
boxes of known volumes are used weighting equipment are used to
to measure the materials measure the weight of materials
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Batching Plant
◈ A concrete plant, also
known as a batch
plant or batching plant or
a concrete batching
plant, is equipment that
combines various
ingredients to
form concrete.
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Mix Design
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Recommended Cement Mortar Ratio For
Plastering
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Slump test
◈ Slump test is a laboratory or at site test used
to measure the consistency (workability) of
concrete.
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Factors influencing Slump Cone
◈ Water –cement ratio of concrete.
◈ The quality of coarse and fine aggregates, their shape, moisture content, texture,
and grading.
◈ The use of plasticizer, superplasticizer admixture, and the sequence of their
mixing.
◈ The void ratio of concrete and air content of concrete.
◈ The time of the test after mixing of concrete.
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Soundness of cement
◈ The ability of cement to retain its volume after it gets hardened is known
as Soundness of Cement. That means the cement should be at minimum volume
change after it gets hardened. The test conducted to identify the excess amount of
lime in cement is known as soundness test of cement.
◈ The unsoundness in cement is due to the presence of excess of free lime than that
could be combined with acidic oxide at the kiln.
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Soundness of cement
◈ Soundness of cement may
be determined by two
methods, namely Le-
Chatelier method and
autoclave method.
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Setting time test
◈ Setting time is
the time required for
stiffening of cement paste to
a defined consistency.
◈ Standard consistency test is
done using vicat apparitus.
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Tensile strength Test
◈ The tensile strength may be
determined by Briquette test
method or by split tensile
strength test.
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heat of hydration test
◈ The apparatus used to
determine the heat of
hydration of cement is known
as calorimeter.
◈ Heat is evolved during
hydration of cement, the
amount being dependent on the
relative quantities of the
clinker compounds.
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Fineness test
◈ Sieve Method
◈ Air Permeability Method
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WET PROCESS
◈ Step 1 - The limestone brought from
the quarries is crushed to smaller
fragments.
◈ - The crushed raw materials are fed
into ball mill and a little water is
added. On operating the ball mill,
the steel balls in it pulverize the raw
materials which form a slurry with
water.
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WET PROCESS
◆ The slurry is a liquid of
creamy consistency with
water content of about 35 to
50 per cent, wherein particles,
crushed to the fineness of
Indian Standard Sieve number
9, are held in suspension.
◆ Ball Mill - A ball mill consists
of several compartments
charged with progressively
smaller hardened steel balls.
Ball mill is used to pulverize
the raw materials into desired
fineness. 18
WET PROCESS
◈ Step 3 - This slurry is passed to silos
(storage tanks), where the proportioning
of the compounds is adjusted to ensure
desired chemical composition.
◈ The corrected slurry having about 40 per
cent moisture content, is then fed into
rotary kiln. Where it loses moisture and
forms into lumps or nodules. These are
finally burned at 1500-1600°C.
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WET PROCESS
◈ Step 5- By the time the material rolls
down to the lower end of the rotary kiln,
the dry material undergoes a series of
chemical reactions, finally turns into
nodular form of size 3 mm to 20 mm
known as clinker.
◈ Step 6 - The clinker drops into a rotary
cooler where it is cooled under controlled
conditions . The clinker is stored in silos or
bins. The clinker weighs about 1100 to
1300 gms per liter.
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WET PROCESS
◈ Step 7 - The cooled clinker is
then ground in a ball mill
with the addition of 3 to 5 per
cent of gypsum in order to
prevent flash-setting of the
cement. In ball mill the mixture
is crushed into required
fineness.
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Compacting concrete
◈ The compaction of concrete can be
carried out using simple tamping
rods or boards, or alternatively it
can be carried out with the aid of
plant such as vibrators.
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Curing
◈ Curing is one of the most
essential operation in which
concrete is kept continuously
damp for some days to enable
the concrete to gain more
strength.
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Formwork finishes
◈ Concrete takes up the shape of the form, A variety of looks can be had tothe
architects imagination. By careful preparation of formwork, proper mix design and
goodwor kmanship smooth surfaces can be achieved. Prefabrication units can be
produced to a fine finish.
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Surface Treatment
◈ The type of surface treatment depends upon the purpose for which the concrete
surface is to be used. For example a pavement surface should be plane but with
sufficient roughness to exhibit skid resistance.
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Applied Finishes
◈ The exterior surfaces of concrete elements can be modified to give a pleasant look.
The concrete surface is roughened, cleaned and wetted. Over this a cement mortar
of ratio 1:3 is applied. This mortar rendering can be given a number of surface
finishes such as sand facing, rough cast finish, peeble dash etc.
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Strip Foundation
◈ Strip Foundation consist of
a continuous, longitudinal
strip of concrete designed
to spread the uniformly
loaded wall of brick,
masonry or concrete
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Cantilever beam
◈ Cantilever Beams are
supported from one end,
using a Fixed Support.
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Continuous Beam
◈ Continuous beams are multi-spanned
beams that have multiple supports
across the length of the beam.
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Fixed Beam
◈ Fixed Beams have fixed supports at
either end - offering moment
resistance at either end.
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Flat slab
◈ This is a typically a reinforced slab
supported directly by columns or
caps, without the use of beams.
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Waffle slab
◈ This type of slab contains square grids
with deep sides, resembling a waffle
shape, often used where large spans
are required without the interference
of columns.
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Composite slab
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SUMP
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