VERTICAL
HANDOVER/HANDOFF IN
HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS
NETWORKS
Saeeda Naz
Overview
Introduction
Background and Concept of Handoff
Management
Vertical Handover/Handoff (VHO)
VHO Algorithms
Summary
Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
INTRODUCTION
3
Integration of Various Heterogeneous
Wireless Access Networks
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)
World Wide Interoperability for Microwave Access
(WiMAX)
Wideband-CDMA (WCDMA)
LEO Satellite Networks etc.
4
Motivation
Ubiquitous Connectivity
Ability to exchange voice, video and data, anywhere
and anytime, is the basis of a new mobile lifestyle
Customers increasingly desire to stay always
connected and enjoy a wide variety of voice, data
and multimedia services independent of their
geographical locations
Continuous and ubiquitous connectivity is becoming
interwoven with the lives of end-users, who
increasingly rely on their mobile devices to provide
them with best-in-class service
Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
Multi-Homed Devices
Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
Towards 4G
Seamless Roaming
Vertical Mobility
Mobility across Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
7
Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
4G Heterogeneous All-IP Wireless Networks
A View of 4G Heterogeneous All-IP Wireless Networks
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Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
BACKGROUND
AND
CONCEPT OF
HANDOFF
MANAGEMENT
9
Handoff Management
Different Wireless Networks are complementary to each
other, their integration will allow mobile users to be
connected using the best available access network that fits
their needs
Handoff Management: It is the process by which a MT
keeps its connection when it moves from one point of
attachment (base station or access point) to another.
Mobile Terminal Network
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(User) (Operators)
Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
Types of Handoff
Horizontal (Homogeneous)
Handoff (HHO)
Handoff or handover
Vertical (Heterogeneous)
Handoff (VHO)
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Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
Horizontal and Vertical Mobility
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Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
Horizontal and Vertical Handoffs
Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks 13
Need for Handoffs
Handoff may be required
because
o A mobile device experiences a
degradation in the radio signal
Forced Handoff
o An access point experiences a
heavy traffic load, unable to
maintain the negotiated QoS
o A mobile node has got a cost Willful Handoff
effective alternative
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Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
Handoff Management Requirements
Reduction of signaling and rocessing overhead.
Minimize packet loss, cost and delay (seamless HO).
QoS guarantees during the process and transfer of
context.
High usability with anytime, anywhere connectivity.
Use of multimodal devices ( capable of supporting various
type of network access technology).
Efficient use of network and MT resources.
Support for integrated service access from various
providers, i.e., Allow inter-technology handoff (VHO).
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Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
Handoff Metrics
Horizontal Handoff – mainly use received signal
strength (RSS) to decide the handoff…
But Vertical Handoff ?
RSS ?
Offered bandwidth ?
Price ? Handoff Metrics
Power consumption ?
Speed ?
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Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
VERTICAL
HANDOFF
17
Vertical Handoffs
Vertical handoff refers to "when a
nomadic user with a multi-interface
terminal changes connection from one
type of wireless access technology to
another while maintaining an active
session."
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Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
Vertical Mobility in Heterogeneous Networks
Mobility Across Diverse Access Networks
CN
Vertical Mobility
IP Backbone Network
Wired NW
New Radio
WLAN/
GSM, CDMA, WPAN
UMTS WiMAX
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Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless
Networks
Vertical Handoff (VHO) Process
Step 1: “System Discovery”
is the process of searching for available serving
networks By MT.
Step 2: “Vertical Handoff Decision”
is the process of comparing serving networks and
selecting the best one to be the target network
through algorithms.
Step 3: “Handoff Execution”
is process of transfer data from the current
network’s access point to the target network’s access
point after making a decision.
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Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
ALGORITHM
S
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Importance of Decision step
The second step is of particular importance for the
decision making than other two steps of vertical
handoff and will directly affect the performance of
vertical handoff.
So, efficient and reliable vertical handoff schemes
and algorithms are required for seamless mobility
between heterogeneous wireless access networks .
There are many schemes and decision algorithms of
vertical handoff which base on different criteria
metrics for decision. Some based on cost or
bandwidth or RSS, or on combination of metrics.
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Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
Classification of algorithm
VHD algorithms are classified into four groups based on the
handover decision criteria
1)RSS based algorithms
1.1) An adaptive lifetime based handover heuristic
1.2) An RSS threshold based dynamic heuristic
1.3) A traveling distance prediction based heuristic
2) Bandwidth based algorithms
2.1) A QoS based heuristic
2.2) A signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) based
heuristic
2.3) A wrong decision probability (WDP) prediction based
heuristic
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Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
Cont…
3) Cost function based algorithms
3.1) A multiservice based heuristic
3.2) A cost function based heuristic with normalization and
3.3)weights distribution
3.4) A weighted function based heuristic
4) Combination algorithms
4.1) A multilayer feed forward artificial neural network
4.2) based heuristic
4.3) A method that uses two neural networks
4.4) A fuzzy logic based heuristic
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Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
Saeeda Naz
AN EXAMPLE OF
INTEGRATION OF
WLAN AND
CELLULAR
NETWORKS
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WLAN – Cellular Networks Integration
WLAN – Cellular
Networks
Integration Cellular
GSM/GPRS,
CDMA,
UMTS
Vertical Handoff across different access networks
Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks 26
WLAN – Cellular Networks Integration
Important case of heterogeneous wireless networks
integration is that of WLAN – Cellular Networks.
[Ref] M. Buddhikot, G. Chandranmenon, S. Han, Y. Lee, S. Miller and L. Salgarelli,
“Integration of 802.11 and 3G Wireless Data Networks” in Proc. of IEEE Infocom’03. 27
Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
WLAN – Cellular Networks Integration
Some interoperability open issues:
When to switch?, VHO policies:
o WLAN to Cellular ~ Cellular to WLAN
Seamless handoff (level of integration).
o Packet loss and VHO latency.
Load balancing between networks.
QoS guarantees and transfer of context.
Security and Authentication.
Billing and revenue sharing.
Implementation.
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Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
WLAN – Cellular Networks
Standardization efforts:
Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are developing interworking
solutions for WLANs as an extension of their
radio access networks.
IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH)
Group is working toward the seamless handoffs
between:
o IEEE [Link] family.
o IEEE [Link] and 3G Cellular
o Between 802.11 ESSs.
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Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
Summary
Although there have been various vertical handoff algorithms
proposed in the literature but still it needs more and more
research work in this domain to discover efficient and reliable
handoff's scheme.
This should maintain the connectivity of the MT with
maintaining quality of service and reducing costs and load
balancing of target networks.
Vertical handover has added new dimensions to the handover
process. The criteria metrics has become much more intricate.
Significant research efforts are being made to enable the
handoff, but the task is extremely challenging. This is a very
exciting phase in the domain of VHO for researcher and
scholars, as the issues are still not solved.
Any solution that reduces the VHO delay and maintains the
QoS can provide handsome increase in global link utilization
and improved end user satisfaction. 30
Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
SUMMARY
Summary
Although there have been various vertical handoff algorithms
proposed in the literature but still it needs more and more
research work in this domain to discover efficient and reliable
handoff's scheme.
This should maintain the connectivity of the MT with
maintaining quality of service and reducing costs and load
balancing of target networks.
Vertical handover has added new dimensions to the handover
process. The criteria metrics has become much more intricate.
Significant research efforts are being made to enable the
handoff, but the task is extremely challenging. This is a very
exciting phase in the domain of VHO for researcher and
scholars, as the issues are still not solved.
Any solution that reduces the VHO delay and maintains the
QoS can provide handsome increase in global link utilization
and improved end user satisfaction. 32
Saeeda Naz Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks