BS ENGLISH
2ND SEMESTER
MASS COMMUNICATION
COURSE BSCS-III
INSTRUCTOR: PROF. ABU BAKAR
Communication Process
Communication Process
The Communication Process
Model
Speaker/sender: the person who begins
the communication interaction by having
a thought or intended message to send to
a listener.
Decides what message to send
Encodes it using symbols he or she assumes
the receiver will understand
Converts message to a signal
Sends message over communication
channel to receiver
Communication Process
The sender’s role in the communication process
includes:
selecting the type of message,
analyzing the receiver
using the you-viewpoint
encouraging feedback and
removing communication barriers
Process Model Cont.
Encoding – the process of creating the
message to be transmitted from a sender to
the listener. Converting your thoughts and
ideas into content that can be transmitted.
The encoder uses a ‘medium’ to send the
message — a phone call, email, text
message, face-to-face meeting, or other
communication tool.
Problems Associated with Encoding
Indecision about content – The sender may be unsure about
what message to send or how much information to
communicate. This may happen when either the sender has too
much or too little information on a subject.
Lack of familiarity with audience – Another barrier at this
stage could be not knowing who your audience is. For effective
communication it is important to know the audience well.
Undefined situation – If the sender is unsure of the reason for
the communication, then the chances of miscommunication are
high. Designing appropriate communication largely depends
on understanding the situation and the reason for the
communication.
Problems Associated with Encoding
Lack of basic communication skills – Sometimes the
communication may be ineffective due to the lack of
basic communication skills. If the sender is unable to
articulate his thoughts into appropriate words or lacks
basic grammar skills, communication will be
ineffective.
Emotional Conflict – If the sender faces emotional
conflict or highly charged emotions like anger, while
encoding the message, the message may lack coherence
or may be too laden with emotions to be understood
correctly.
Communication Process
For effective communication to be accomplished,
sender should:
consider receiver’s background, communication skills,
experience, culture, as well as context
choose concrete words and appropriate symbols
encourage feedback
Process Model Cont.
Message – what is actually communicated or
transmitted to the listener.
It is the knowledge, ideas, feelings or emotions
sent from the sender to the receiver to achieve
understanding
Intentional message: made up of the meanings
and feelings one person wishes to send to another.
(on purpose)
Unintentional message: one that the sender either
does not mean to send or is unaware of sending.
Process Model Cont.
Channel: the means by which the message is
communicated.
To send messages, people speak and write. To
receive messages, people listen and read.
Letters and reports are common channels for
written messages. Face-to-face conversations
and telephone calls are common channels for
spoken messages.
Communication Process
E-mail and voice mail are common channels for written
and spoken electronic messages. Nowadays messages
are increasingly carried over digital networks.
Process Model Cont.
Listener/receiver – the person or people
who receive the speaker’s message.
Only when the receiver understands the
meaning intended by the sender (i.e.,
successfully decodes the message) does
communication take place. Such success is
often difficult because factors such as
education, opinions, and emotional states
shape how a receiver interprets a message.
Communication Process
For effective communication to be accomplished,
receiver should:
avoid prejudging message
strive to understand both verbal and nonverbal cues
avoid distractions
create receptive environment
expect to learn
Process Model Cont.
Decoding – how the listener interprets
and processes the message transmitted
by the sender.
The process of decoding involves
receiving, interpreting and
understanding an encoded message. In
other words, decoding involves
interpretation and analysis of a message
Communication Process
Problems Associated with Decoding
Decoding is often difficult to achieve because factors
such as education, opinions, and emotional states shape
how a receiver interprets a message.
Similarly, decoding may encounter disruption internally
by the receiver’s lack of attention.
Decoding can also be sidetracked by semantic
obstacles, such as misunderstood words or emotional
reactions to certain terms.
Communication Process
Noise- anything that interferes with a message and is
usually temporary
Internal noise: interference that originates from and
resides within a person (ex: hungry, sleepy, cold)
External noise: a distraction in the channel
TYPES OF NOISE IN COMMUNICATION
Physical Noise
Physiological Noise
Psychological Noise
Syntactical Noise
Cultural Noise
TYPES OF NOISE IN COMMUNICATION
Physical noise: is the external and unnecessary sound
that obstacle to effective communication.( raining
sounds, thunderstorms, horns, outside building’s
sounds, sounds from fans etc.)
Physiological noise is a barrier created from the
communicator’s physical condition. Usually, physical
illness and weakness produce physical noise.
Psychological noise is a communication barrier created
from the communicator’s psychological factors for
example values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.
TYPES OF NOISE IN COMMUNICATION
Semantic noise is a communication barrier created
from the confusion over the meaning of
words. Semantic noise occurred because of different
meanings of the message between the sender and
receiver. (mispronunciations, special words, and the
grammatical wrong sentences are also the example of
Semantic Noise.)
Cultural noise is a communication barrier created from
the wrong explanation of another person’s
behaviors. (The meaning of nonverbal cues is not the
same in every culture and society.)
Destination
Destination:
The destination is the final stage in the communication
system. Generally, humans at some place are
considered as the destination. A destination is a place
where humans consume the information. For example,
if you are watching TV, you are considered as the
destination.
Process Model Cont.
Feedback – the message or response
sent from the listener back to the
speaker. Shows understanding and
interpretation of the speaker’s message.
Can be verbal or nonverbal
Can be positive or negative
Feedback
Feedback is important because it helps the sender know
that the message was received and understood. Senders
can encourage feedback by asking questions such as
“Am I making myself clear?” and “Is there anything
you don’t understand?”
Senders can further improve feedback by timing the
delivery appropriately and by providing only as much
information as the receiver can handle.
Receivers improve the communication process by
providing clear and complete feedback.
Additional information
The End