STOICHIOMETRY TUTORIAL
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Instructions: This is a work along tutorial. Each time you click the
mouse or touch the space bar on your computer, one step of the
problem solving occurs. Pressing the PAGE UP key will backup
the steps.
Get a pencil and
paper, a periodic
table and a calculator,
and let’s get to work.
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(1-2-3) General Approach For Problem Solving:
1. Clearly identify the Goal or Goals and the UNITS involved. (What are you
trying to do?)
2. Determine what is given and the UNITS.
3. Use conversion factors (which are really ratios) and their UNITS to CONVERT
what is given into what is desired.
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Table of Contents: Click on each tab to view problem types.
View Complete Slide Show
Sample problem 1
REVIEW
Sample problem 2
Converting grams to moles
Mole to Mole Conversions
Gram-Mole and Gram-Gram Problems
Limiting/Excess/ Reactant and Theoretical Yield Problems
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Sample problem for general problem solving.
Sam has entered into a 10 mile marathon. Use ALL of the following conversions
(ratios) to determine how many inches there are in the race.
5280 ft = 1 mile; 12 inches = 1 ft
1. What is the goal and what units are needed?
Goal = ______ inches
2. What is given and its units?
10 miles
3. Convert using factors (ratios). Units match
10 miles5280 ft 12 inches = 633600inches
1 mile 1 ft Goal
Given Convert
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Sample problem #2 on problem solving.
A car is traveling at a speed of 45 miles per hr (45 miles/hr). Determine its speed in
kilometers per second using the following conversion factors (ratios). 1 mile =
5280 ft; 1 ft = 12 in; 1 inch = 2.54 cm; k = 1 x 103; c = 1 x 10-2; 1 hr =60 min; 1 min
= 60 s
Given Goal
-2
45 mi 5280 ft 12 in 2.54 cm 1 x 10 k hr min
= 0.020 km
hr mi 1 ft 1 in c 1 x 10 3 60 min 60 s s
c cancels c This is
m remains the same
Units Match!
as putting
k over k 6
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Converting grams to moles.
Determine how many moles there are in 5.17 grams of Fe(C 5H5)2.
Given units match Goal
5.17 g Fe(C5H5)2 mol = 0.0278 moles Fe(C5H5)2
185.97 g
Use the molar mass to
convert grams to moles. Fe(C5H5)2
2 x 5 x 1.001 = 10.01
2 x 5 x 12.011 = 120.11
1 x 55.85 = 55.85
185.97 g
mol
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Stoichiometry (more working with ratios)
Ratios are found within a chemical equation.
2HCl 1+ Ba(OH)2 2H2O + 1 BaCl2
coefficients give MOLAR RATIOS
2 moles of HCl react with 1 mole of Ba(OH)2 to form 2 moles of H2O and 1
mole of BaCl2
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Mole – Mole Conversions
When N2O5 is heated, it decomposes:
2N2O5(g) 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
a. How many moles of NO2 can be produced from 4.3 moles of N2O5?
2N2O5(g) 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
4.3 mol ? mol Units match
4.3 mol N2O5 4mol NO 2
= 8.6 moles NO2
2mol N 2O 5
b. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 4.3 moles of N2O5?
2N2O5(g) 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
4.3 mol ? mol
4.3 mol N2O5 1mol O 2
= 2.2 mole O2
2mol N 2O 5 9
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Gram to Gram Conversions
Aluminum is an active metal that when placed in hydrochloric acid produces hydrogen
gas and aluminum chloride. How many grams of aluminum chloride can be produced
when 3.45 grams of aluminum are reacted with an excess of hydrochloric acid?
2 Al(s) 6 + HCl(aq)2 AlCl3(aq)3 + H2(g)
First write a balanced equation.
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Gram to Gram Conversions
Aluminum is an active metal that when placed in hydrochloric acid produces hydrogen
gas and aluminum chloride. How many grams of aluminum chloride can be produced
when 3.45 grams of aluminum are reacted with an excess of hydrochloric acid?
2 Al(s)6 + HCl(aq)2 AlCl3(aq)3 + H2(g)
3.45 g ? grams
Now let’s get organized.
Write the information below
the substances.
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gram to gram conversions
Aluminum is an active metal that when placed in hydrochloric acid produces hydrogen
gas and aluminum chloride. How many grams of aluminum chloride can be produced
when 3.45 grams of aluminum are reacted with an excess of hydrochloric acid?
2 Al(s) 6 + HCl(aq)2 AlCl3(aq)3 + H2(g)
3.45 g ? grams
Units match
3.45 g Al mol Al 2 mol AlCl 3 133.3 g AlCl 3
= 17.0 g AlCl3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al mol AlCl 3
Let’smust
We
Now use
workalways
thethe
molar
problem.
convert
ratio. to moles.
mass convert to
12
grams.
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LIMITING REAGENTS
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Limiting/Excess/ Reactant and Theoretical Yield Problems :
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?
b. Determine the limiting reactant.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
Now
First copy place
down thenumerical
the information
the BALANCED
below the
equation!
compounds.
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Limiting/Excess/ Reactant and Theoretical Yield Problems :
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?
b. Determine the limiting reactant.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15 mol 0.10 mol ? moles
Hide
one
Two starting
amounts?
Where do we
start?
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Limiting/Excess/ Reactant and Theoretical Yield Problems :
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?
b. Determine the limiting reactant.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15 mol 0.10 mol
Hide ? moles
Based on:
0.15 mol KO2 3mol O 2
KO2 = 0.1125 mol O2
4mol KO 2
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Limiting/Excess/ Reactant and Theoretical Yield Problems :
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?
b. Determine the limiting reactant.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15
Hide mol 0.10 mol ? moles
Based on:
0.15 mol KO2 3mol O 2
KO2 = 0.1125 mol O2
4mol KO 2
Based on: 0.10 mol H2O 3mol O 2
H2O
= 0.150 mol O2
2mol H 2O
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Limiting/Excess/ Reactant and Theoretical Yield Problems :
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?
Determine the limiting reactant.
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
0.15 mol 0.10 mol ? moles
Based on:
0.15 mol KO2 3mol O 2
KO2 = 0.1125 mol O2
4mol KO 2 It was limited by the
amount of KO2.
Based on: 0.10 mol H2O 3mol O 2
H2O
= 0.150 mol O2
H2O = excess (XS) reactant!
2mol H 2O
What is the theoretical yield? Hint:
Which is the smallest amount? The is
based upon the limiting reactant? 18
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Theoretical yield vs. Actual yield
Suppose the theoretical yield for an
experiment was calculated to be
19.5 grams, and the experiment
was performed, but only 12.3
grams of product were recovered.
Determine the % yield.
Theoretical yield = 19.5 g based on limiting reactant
Actual yield = 12.3 g experimentally recovered
actual yield
% yield x 100
theoretica l yield
12.3
% yield x 100 63.1% yield 19
19.5
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
If a reaction vessel contains 120.0 g of KO2 and 47.0 g of H2O, how
many grams of O2 can be produced?
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
120.0 g 47.0one
Hide g ?g
Based on: 120.0 g KO2 mol 3mol O 2 32.0g O 2 = 40.51 g O2
KO2
71.1g 4mol KO 2 mol O 2
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4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
If a reaction vessel contains 120.0 g of KO2 and 47.0 g of H2O, how
many grams of O2 can be produced?
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
120.0
Hide g 47.0 g ?g
Based on: 120.0 g KO2 mol 3mol O 2 32.0g O 2 = 40.51 g O2
KO2 71.1g 4mol KO 2 mol O 2
Based on: 47.0 g H2O mol H 2O 3 mol O 2 32.0g O 2 = 125.3 g O2
H2 O 18.02 g H 2O 2 mol H 2O mol O 2
Question if only 35.2 g of O2 were recovered, what was the percent yield?
actual 35.2
x 100 x 100 86.9% yield
theoretica l 40.51 21
If a reaction vessel contains 120.0 g of KO2 and 47.0 g of H2O, how
many grams of O2 can be produced?
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
120.0 g 47.0 g ?g
Based on: 120.0 g KO2 mol 3mol O 2 32.0g O 2 = 40.51 g O2
KO2
71.1g 4mol KO 2 mol O 2
Based on: 47.0 g H2O mol H 2O 3 mol O 2 32.0g O 2 = 125.3 g O2
H2 O 18.02 g H 2O 2 mol H 2O mol O 2
Determine how many grams of Water were left over.
The Difference between the above amounts is directly RELATED to the XS H2O.
125.3 - 40.51 = 84.79 g of O2 that could have been formed from the XS water.
84.79 g O2 mol O 2 2 mol H 2O 18.02 g H 2O =31.83 g XS H2O
32.0 g O 2 3 mol O 2 1 mol H 2O 22
Try this problem (then check your answer):
Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 25.6 grams of Al(NO 3)3 in
455 mL of solution.
After you have worked
the problem, click here
to see 25.6 g mole mol
setup answer -3
0.264
213 g 455 x 10 L L
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