CULTURE AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT

MODULE - I Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Amity

DR. PRAMENDRA SINGH

AITT, AMITY UNIVERSITY, NOIDA
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Introduction about the course

• Heritage & its Importance

• Preservation and Conservation of heritage
• International and national organizations in heritage management
• Culture and its elements
• Architectural heritage (Different types of architecture)
• Heritage hotels
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Heritage

• “Something that is inherited from the ancestors

as a part of the society is called heritage”.
Natural Heritage
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CULTURAL HERITAGE
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 Heritage
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Meaning of Heritage –

• “Valued objects and qualities such as historic buildings and cultural

traditions that have been passed down from previous generations”.
OR
• “Something that is inherited from the ancestors as a part of the society is
called heritage”.
OR
• “A country's heritage is all the qualities, traditions, or features of life
there that have continued over many years and have been passed on
from one generation to another”.
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Definition of Heritage by UNESCO –

“Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what
we pass on to future generations. Our cultural and natural heritage are
both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration”.
Source: [Link]
 Significance of Heritage
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• It makes us aware about our past

generations and their life.

• It keeps us attached to our roots,

tradition and belief system.

• It lets us know how world and

societies have transformed from past
to present.

• It motivates us to conserve and

preserve it so that it could be passed
on to next generations.
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• Heritage gives communities a

sense of identity. Heritage is
their asset. It connects them
with their past.

• Heritage guides us for our

future.

• It has a positive impact on

development of communities. It
contributes to our cultural and
economic wellbeing.
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Heritage

Natural Heritage Cultural Heritage

Tangible Heritage Intangible Heritage

CLASSIFICATION OF HERITAGE (As per UNESCO )

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Classification of Heritage by UNESCO:-

• Natural heritage: natural sites with cultural aspects such as landscapes, physical,

biological or geological formations

• Cultural heritage – Anything which was made by our ancestors is a part of cultural
heritage.
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• Cultural heritage -
– Tangible cultural heritage: 
• movable cultural heritage (paintings,
sculptures, coins, manuscripts)
• immovable cultural heritage (monuments,
archaeological sites, and so on)
• underwater cultural heritage (shipwrecks,
underwater ruins and cities)
– Intangible cultural heritage: oral
traditions, performing arts, rituals,
dresses, cuisine etc.
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Even some have classified heritage as –

• Cultural heritage
• Natural heritage
• Religious heritage
• Philosophical heritage
• Social heritage
• Artistic heritage
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Conservation and Preservation of Heritage Sites

Conservation:-

“Conservation” means all the processes

of looking after a place so as to retain its
historical and/or architectural and/or
aesthetic and/or cultural significance and
includes maintenance, preservation,
restoration, reconstruction and adoption
or a combination of more than one of
these.
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Preservation:-

“Preservation” means
and includes maintaining
the fabric of a place in its
existing state and
retarding deterioration.
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Restoration :-

Restoration refers to treatment procedures intended to return objects to a

known or assumed state, often through the addition of non-original material
such as the replacement of missing objects.
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UNESCO
World Heritage Sites
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Introduction about UNESCO

• UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization.

• It seeks to build peace through international cooperation in Education, the

Sciences and Culture.

• UNESCO's programmes contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable

Development Goals. (17; Established in 2015 to be achieved by 2030)

• Founded in 1945, headquarters is in Paris.

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Functions of UNESCO
• UNESCO develops educational tools to help people live as global citizens free of
hate and intolerance.

• UNESCO works so that each child and citizen has access to quality education.

• UNESCO fosters scientific programmes and policies as platforms for

development and cooperation.

• By promoting cultural heritage and the equal dignity of all cultures, UNESCO
strengthens bonds among nations.
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UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites (WHS)

• What makes the concept of World Heritage exceptional is its universal

application. World Heritage sites belong to all the peoples of the world,
irrespective of the territory on which they are located – UNESCO.

• UNESCO seeks to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of

cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding
value to humanity.

• This is embodied in an international treaty called the Convention concerning the

Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage
Convention), adopted by UNESCO in 1972.

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
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UNESCO's World Heritage mission is to – (Purpose of WHS)

• Encourage countries to sign the World Heritage Convention and to ensure the
protection of their natural and cultural heritage;

• Encourage States Parties to the Convention to nominate sites & establish management
plans within their national territory.

• Help States Parties safeguard World Heritage properties by providing technical

assistance and professional training;
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• Provide emergency assistance for World Heritage sites in immediate

danger;

• Encourage participation of the local population in the preservation of

their cultural and natural heritage;

• Encourage international cooperation in the conservation of our world's

cultural and natural heritage.
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The Nomination Process

How does a property become World Heritage?
Process and criteria

• Only countries that have signed the World Heritage Convention

(1972), pledging to protect their natural and cultural heritage, can
submit nomination proposals for properties on their territory to be
considered for inclusion in UNESCO’s World Heritage List.

• The whole process goes through following stages -

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The Nomination Process to be inscribed as WHS

Preparing The
Tentative List

Filing
Nominations

Feedback
from Advisory
Bodies
Scrutiny by
World
Heritage
Committee
Meeting the
Criteria and
Inscribing
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The Tentative List:-

• The first step a country must take is making an ‘inventory’ of its important natural
and cultural heritage sites located within its boundaries.

• This ‘inventory’ is known as the Tentative List, and provides a forecast of the
properties that a State Party may decide to submit for inscription in the next five to ten
years and which may be updated at any time.

• It is an important step since the World Heritage Committee cannot consider a

nomination for inscription on the World Heritage List unless the property has already
been included on the State Party’s Tentative List.

• States Parties are requested to submit their Tentative Lists using a

Tentative List Submission Format, in English or French, containing the name
of the properties, their geographical location, a brief description of the
properties, and justification of their outstanding universal value.

• At present India has 42 sites in tentative list.

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The nomination file

• By preparing a Tentative List and selecting sites from it, a State Party can plan
when to present a nomination file.

• The World Heritage Centre offers advice and assistance to the State Party in
preparing this file, which needs to be as exhaustive as possible, making sure
the necessary documentation and maps are included.

• The nomination is submitted to the World Heritage Centre for review and
checking on its completeness. It is reviewed and if changes are required then it
is communicated to the state parties for further corrections.

• Once a nomination file is complete the World Heritage Centre sends it to the
appropriate Advisory Bodies for evaluation.
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The Advisory Bodies

• A nominated property is independently evaluated by two Advisory Bodies

mandated by the World Heritage Convention: the International Council on
Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN), which respectively provide the World
Heritage Committee with evaluations of cultural and of natural sites
nominated.

• The third Advisory Body is the International Centre for the Study of the
Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM), an
intergovernmental organization which provides the Committee with
expert advice on conservation of cultural sites, as well as on training
activities.
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The World Heritage Committee

• Once a site has been nominated and evaluated, it is up to the

intergovernmental World Heritage Committee to make the final
decision on its inscription.

• Once a year, the Committee meets to decide which sites will be

inscribed on the World Heritage List.

• It can also defer its decision and request further information on

sites from the States Parties or it can reject inscription.
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The criteria for selection

• To be included on the World Heritage List, sites must be of outstanding

universal value and meet at least one out of ten selection criteria.

• These criteria are explained in the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation
of the World Heritage Convention which, besides the text of the Convention, is the
main working tool on World Heritage.

• The criteria are regularly revised by the Committee to reflect the evolution of
the World Heritage concept itself.
 The 10 Selection Criteria
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• i) represent a masterpiece of human creative

genius;

• (ii) exhibit an important interchange of

human values, over a span of time or within a
cultural area of the world, on developments in
architecture or technology, monumental arts,
town planning or landscape design;
i, iii, vi
• (iii) bear a unique or at least exceptional
testimony to a cultural tradition or to a
civilization which is living or which has
disappeared;

• (iv) be an outstanding example of a type of

building, architectural or technological
ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a)
significant stage(s) in human history;
ii, iii, iv
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• (v) be an outstanding example of a

traditional human settlement, land-use, or
sea-use which is representative of a culture (or
cultures), or human interaction with the
environment especially when it has become
vulnerable under the impact of irreversible
change;

• (vi) be directly or tangibly associated with iii, v

events or living traditions, with ideas, or
with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of
outstanding universal significance. (The
Committee considers that this criterion should
preferably be used in conjunction with other
criteria);

• (vii) contain superlative natural phenomena

or areas of exceptional natural beauty and
aesthetic importance;
vii, x
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• (viii) be outstanding examples representing

major stages of earth’s history, including the
record of life, significant on-going geological
processes in the development of landforms, or
significant geomorphic or physiographic
features;

• (ix) be outstanding examples representing

significant on-going ecological and biological
processes in the evolution and development of
terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine
ecosystems and communities of plants and
animals;
ix, x
• (x) contain the most important and significant
natural habitats for in-situ conservation of
biological diversity, including those containing
threatened species of outstanding universal value
from the point of view of science or
conservation.
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Note:-

• The protection, management, authenticity and integrity of properties are also

important considerations.

• Since 1992 significant interactions between people and the natural

environment have been recognized as cultural landscapes.

• Inscribing a site on the World Heritage List is not the end of the story. Site
managers and local authorities continuously work towards managing,
monitoring and preserving the World Heritage properties.
UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites in India
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Source: [Link]
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Intangible Heritage of
Humanity

Source:
[Link]
lay1=inscriptionID#tabs
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Intangible Heritage of Humanity

Cultural heritage does not end at monuments and collections of objects. It also
includes traditions or living expressions inherited from our ancestors and
passed on to our descendants, such as oral traditions, performing arts, 
social practices, rituals, festive events, 
knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe or the 
knowledge and skills to produce traditional crafts.
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Domains of Intangible Cultural Heritage

• UNESCO’s 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible

Cultural Heritage proposes five broad ‘domains’ in which intangible
cultural heritage is manifested:

• Oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of the

intangible cultural heritage;
• Performing arts;
• Social practices, rituals and festive events;
• Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe;
• Traditional craftsmanship
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Intangible Cultural Heritage of India in UNESCO’s list

• Tradition of Vedic chanting

• Ramlila, the traditional performance of the Ramayana
• Kutiyattam, Sanskrit theatre
• Ramman, religious festival and ritual theatre of the Garhwal Himalayas, India
• Mudiyettu, ritual theatre and dance drama of Kerala
• Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan
• Chhau dance
• Buddhist chanting of Ladakh: recitation of sacred Buddhist texts in the trans-Himalayan
Ladakh region, Jammu and Kashmir, India
• Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur
• Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru,
Punjab, India
• Nowrouz,
• Yoga
• Kumbh Mela
[Link]
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NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

ENGAGED IN PROTECTION & MANAGEMENT OF
HERITAGE

MODULE - III

DR. PRAMENDRA SINGH

AITT, AMITY UNIVERSITY, NOIDA
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Protection of Heritage
(Specifically the Built Heritage)

• Built heritage comprises monuments , archaeological sites, remains and ruins.

• The protection of built heritage is generally perceived to be in the long term

interest of society.

• Most buildings are capable of beneficial use, whether for their original purpose or
for some other use.

• Not only this, they are pride for a society and give them a sense of identity.

• They help in socio-economic development of the society.

• Different artifacts and monuments need different types of conservation procedures.

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Con…
• Indian government has a detailed description for conserving heritage
like:-
- definitions of each element related to heritage conservation,
- criteria & distribution of responsibility for site selection for
protection,
- reasons of deterioration,
- procedures and methods/techniques to conserve,
- technical advices and experts,
- penalties for defaulters,
- laws to regulate & govern,

• Most of the monuments are protected by by ASI or its state counterpart

and other agencies.
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Conservation of Heritage
Monuments
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Different methods of heritage management

• “Conservation” means all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain

its historical and/or architectural and/or aesthetic and/or cultural significance and
includes maintenance, preservation, restoration, reconstruction and adoption or a
combination of more than one of these.

• “Preservation” means and includes maintaining the fabric of a place in its

existing state and retarding deterioration.
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• “Restoration” means and includes returning the existing fabric of a place to a

known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing
components without introducing new materials.

• “Reconstruction” means and includes returning a place as nearly as possible

to a known earlier state and distinguished by the introduction of materials
(new or old) into the fabric. This shall not include either recreation or conjectural
reconstruction.

• And many other similar terms like maintenance etc.

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National Organizations / Agencies in

Heritage Management
• Ministry of Culture
• Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
• Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH)
• State Archaeological departments
• National, State and Regional Museums
• Waqf Boards
• Institutions and their Experts (through projects)
• NGOs etc.

• Ministry of Tourism also play role somehow or the other in conserving heritage (eg. It
issues licenses to guides etc.)

These organizations / agencies play a very important role in protecting, managing and
conserving the heritage in India.
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MINISTRY OF CULTURE, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

• The nodal / highest body in India related to art, culture and heritage.

• The mission of the department is to preserve, promote and disseminate

all forms of art and culture.

• The functional spectrum of this Ministry is wide, ranging from

generating cultural awareness at grassroots level to promoting cultural
exchanges at international level.

• Maintenance and conservation of heritage, historic sites and ancient

monuments is one of the major functions of the ministry.
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Mission Statement of MoC

• The mission of the department is to preserve, promote and disseminate all forms of art
and culture. In order to achieve this, the department undertakes the following activities:

• Maintenance and conservation of heritage, historic sites and ancient monuments

• Administration of libraries
• Promotion of literary, visual and performing arts
• Observation of centenaries and anniversaries of important national personalities and events
• Promotion of institutions and organizations of Buddhist and Tibetan studies
• Promotion of institutional and individual non-official initiatives in the fields of art and
culture
• Entering into cultural agreements with foreign countries.
• The functional spectrum of the Department ranges from creating cultural awareness from
the grass root level to the international cultural exchange level.
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MoC has many other bodies under its broad umbrella to look after different
aspects of culture and heritage:-

• Attached offices like –

- Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi
- National Archives of India, New Delhi

• Subordinate offices like –

- Anthropological Survey of India, Kolkata
- National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property,
Lucknow etc.

• Autonomous bodies like –

- Academies, Libraries, Museums, Zonal Cultural centers, Others
(NMA, CCRT etc.)
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (ASI)

• ASI was founded in 1861 by the then British government.

• The ASI, under the Ministry of Culture, is the premier organization for the
archaeological researches and protection of the cultural heritage of the nation. 

• Maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national

importance is the prime concern of the ASI.

• Besides it regulates all archaeological activities in the country as per the provisions of
the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.

• It also regulates Antiquities and Art Treasure Act, 1972.

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• For the maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains
of national importance the entire country is divided into 36 Circles. 

• The organization has a large work force of trained archaeologists, conservators,

epigraphist, architects and scientists.

• It conducts research projects and maintenance work through its Circles,

Museums, Excavation Branches, Prehistory Branch, Epigraphy Branches, Science
Branch, Horticulture Branch, Building Survey Project, Temple Survey Projects and
Underwater Archaeology Wing.
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Con…
The major activities of ASI are:-

• [Link] archaeological explorations and excavations;

• [Link], conservation and preservation of protected monuments and archaeological
sites and remains of national importance;
• 3. Chemical preservation of monuments and antiquarian remains;
• 4. Architectural survey of monuments;
• 5. Epigraphical and numismatic studies;
• 6. Setting up and re-organization of Site Museums;
• 7. Training in Archaeology;
• 8. Bringing out archaeological publications;
• 9. Archaeological expeditions outside India ;
• 10. Horticulture operation in and around ancient monuments and sites;
• 11. Implementation and regulation of – The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites
and Remains Act, 1958;
• 12. The Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972, etc
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The organizational structure of ASI is:-

• It is an attached office under the Department of Culture. Being an attached office, the ASI has
its own head designated as Director General. An Additional Director General, two Joint
Director Generals and 17 Directors assist the Director General in performing his duties.

• For the administrative convenience the entire country is divided into 36 Circles. Each Circle is
headed by a Superintending Archaeologist (S.A.), who is further assisted by Deputy
Superintending Archaeologist (Dy.S.A.), Deputy Superintending Archaeological Engineer
(Dy.S.A.E.), Assistant Superintending Archaeologist (A.S.A.), Assistant Superintending
Archaeological Engineer (A.S.A.E.), Assistant Archaeologists (A.A.) and Conservation
Assistants (C.A.).

• For conducting specialized archaeological researches there are also 6 Excavation Branches,
1 Prehistory Branch, 1 Building Survey Project, 2 Temple Survey Projects, 2 Epigraphy
Branches, 1 Science Branch and Underwater Archaeology Wing in the Archaeological Survey
of India.
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INDIAN NATIONAL TRUST FOR ART & CULTURAL HERITAGE

(INTACH)

• In 1984, INTACH was established as a Registered Society.

• Out of many missions of INTACH, one is to – “Protect and preserve India’s living,
built, and natural heritage by undertaking necessary actions and measures”.

• It has its “Charter for the Conservation of Unprotected Architectural Heritage and
Sites in India”. (Charter – Principles, Guidelines, Management & Education,
Professionalism etc.)

• It has 31 chapters across India.

• The affairs of the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage are carried out by the
Governing council (GC) and the Executive committee (EC). (Chairman and Members of
EC are elected)
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Funding Agencies and Cultural Organizations with whom INTACH is associated are:

• Ministry of Tourism, Government of India

• Ministry of Culture, Government of India
• Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India
• Archaeological Survey of India
• World Monument Fund
• Many other national and international government and private bodies

• INTACH Central Office is authorized to receive contributions from abroad under

Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010. It is stated under this act that foreign
contribution shall be utilized for the purpose for which it has been received.

• Through membership and donations it receives fund to conserve heritage

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• It has signed MoU with many International organizations, national

organizations and institutions and state governments.

• Divisions of INTACH are:-

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International Organizations/Agencies in Heritage Management

• UNESCO
• ICOMOS
• International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property
(ICCROM)
• World Monuments Fund
• Aga Khan Trust for Culture
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Introduction about UNESCO

• UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

• The Constitution of UNESCO, signed on 16 November 1945, came into force on

4 November 1946 after ratification by twenty countries. Its headquarters is in Paris.

• It seeks to build peace and harmony through international cooperation in Education,

the Sciences and Culture.

• UNESCO's programmes contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable

Development Goals. (17 Goals established in 2015 UNDP to be achieved by 2030).
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Functions of UNESCO
• UNESCO develops educational tools to help people live as global citizens free of hate
and intolerance.

• UNESCO works so that each child and citizen has access to quality education.

• UNESCO stands up for freedom of expression, as a fundamental right and a key condition
for democracy and development.

• UNESCO fosters scientific programmes and policies as platforms for development and
cooperation.

• By promoting cultural heritage and the equal dignity of all cultures, UNESCO strengthens
bonds among nations.

• Serving as a laboratory of ideas, UNESCO helps countries adopt international standards and
manages programmes that foster the free flow of ideas and knowledge sharing.
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Functions of UNESCO related to Heritage

• It seeks to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of

cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding
value to humanity by its branch called World Heritage Centre.

• This is embodied in an international treaty called the Convention concerning the

Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO in
1972.
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UNESCO's World Heritage mission is to:-

• Encourage countries to sign the World Heritage Convention and to ensure the protection
of their natural and cultural heritage;
• Encourage States Parties to the Convention to nominate sites within their national
territory for inclusion on the World Heritage List;
• Encourage States Parties to establish management plans and set up reporting systems
on the state of conservation of their World Heritage sites;
• Help States Parties safeguard World Heritage properties by providing technical
assistance and professional training;
• Provide emergency assistance for World Heritage sites in immediate danger;
• Support States Parties' public awareness-building activities for World Heritage
conservation;
• Encourage participation of the local population in the preservation of their cultural and
natural heritage;
• Encourage international cooperation in the conservation of our world's cultural and
natural heritage.
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Funding to UNESCO for conservation of heritage sites:-

• The conservation and protection of World Heritage sites wouldn’t be possible

without the financial resources to meet World Heritage needs.

• Sources of income include the World Heritage Fund, which receives most of its

income from compulsory contributions from countries (States Parties) and from
voluntary contributions.

• The World Heritage Fund provides about US$4 million annually to support activities

requested by States Parties in need of international assistance. 

• Other sources of income include profits derived from sales of 

World Heritage publications, or funds-in-trust that are donated by countries for
specific purposes.
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Reporting and monitoring of World Heritage Sites:-

• Inscribing a site on the World Heritage List is not the end of the story.

• Site managers and local authorities continuously need to work towards

managing, monitoring and preserving the World Heritage properties

• States Parties have an obligation to regularly prepare reports about the 

state of conservation and the various protection measures put in place at
their sites.
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Advisory Bodies of UNESCO

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International Council on Monuments and Sites

(ICOMOS)

• ICOMOS works for the conservation and protection of cultural heritage places. It is
associated with UNESCO. Formed in 1965.

•  It is the only global non-government organization of this kind, which is dedicated to
promoting the application of theory, methodology, and scientific techniques to the conservation
of the architectural and archaeological heritage. 

• ICOMOS is a network of experts that benefits from the interdisciplinary exchange of its
members, among which are architects, historians, archaeologists, art historians, geographers,
anthropologists, engineers and town planners.

• The members of ICOMOS contribute to improving the preservation of heritage, the

standards and the techniques for each type of cultural heritage property: buildings, historic
cities, cultural landscapes and archaeological sites.
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ICOMOS facts and figures (December 2018):

- 10546 Individual Members in 151 countries

- 271 Institutional Members
- 107 National Committees
- 28 International Scientific Committees

• Its mission is to promote the conservation, protection, use and enhancement of monuments,
building complexes and sites.

• ICOMOS is an Advisory Body of the World Heritage Committee for the implementation of
the World Heritage Convention of UNESCO.

• It reviews the nominations of cultural world heritage and ensures the conservation
status of properties.
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ICOMOS also publishes books on following themes:-

• Archaeological Heritage Management
• Conservation Economics
• Cultural Tourism
• Historic sites
• Historic Towns
• Rock Art etc.

• ICOMOS has been closely engaged with the topic of sustainable development in recent
years, having held major scientific events and issued policy documents to highlight
the vital role of cultural heritage within the sustainable development process.
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Aga Khan Development Network

• The Aga Khan Foundation (AKF) is a private, not-for-profit international development

agency, which was founded in 1967 by Shah Karim Al Hussaini, Aga Khan IV, the 49th
Hereditary Imam of the Shia Ismaili Muslims.

• The AKDN works in over 30 countries around the world.

• It currently operates 1,000 or so programmes and institutions − many of which date back
over 60 years, and some over 100.

• It employs approximately 80,000 people, the majority of whom are based in developing
countries.

• The AKDN’s annual budget for non-profit development activities is approximately US$
950 million. 

• It primarily deals in developing countries mostly in Africa, Middle East and South Asia.
Areas AKDNAmity
Deals in
Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Aga Khan Trust for Culture

• The Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) focuses on the physical, social, cultural and
economic revitalization of communities in the developing world.

• It includes
- the Aga Khan Award for Architecture,
- the Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme,
- the Aga Khan Music Initiative,
- the Aga Khan Museum in Toronto, Canada,
- the on-line resource [Link] and
- related programmes etc.

• The AKDN integrates cultural development into many of its projects. The various city parks
and gardens it has built provide tens of millions of urban dwellers with oases of green
space.
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

DIFFERENT TYPES OF
ARCHITECTURES IN INDIA

MODULE - IV

DR. PRAMENDRA SINGH

AITT, AMITY UNIVERSITY, NOIDA
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Architecture: Introduction

• Architecture is a part of Tangible Cultural Heritage.

• Heritage architecture is a term that refers to buildings or structures of historical or

cultural importance.

• Architecture is not only knowledge of science, arts, materials, technology

but of humanity as well. Through the architectural style, one can easily know
about the lifestyle, culture, and traditions of that specific era.

• These tangible heritages are a part of society and a proof of human creativity

since decades when it was not the era of technology. 
 Indian Architecture Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

• Indian architecture starts from at least 3000 BC with the Indus –

Sarasvati civilization.

• It showed a plain utilitarian building art, mainly represented by

houses, fortifications and public buildings like the Great Granary,
the Great Bath and the earliest Dock-yard which were built
primarily of backed bricks.

• Although unburn bricks and stones were also used on large scale
at several sites.
 Con… Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

• From this proto-historic period we come to early historic period showing

religious monuments of developed stage.

• These were of two types – Rock cut and Structural. Structural

architectures generally comprised stupas and temples and Rock cut
architectures comprised Hindu, Budhist and Jain religious architectures.

• The development of architecture after AD 600 was mainly regional

expressed through varied styles (portrayed mainly temples).

• With the advent of Islam in India many other forms of architecture came in
existence in India (eg. Tombs etc.).

• And with the expansion of European colonial empires, other forms of

architectures also developed in India (churches, buildings etc.).
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Rock Cut Architecture in India

• The rock cut caves in India are attributed to Ashoka (273-202 BC).

• Ashoka and his grandson excavated a group of seven caves on the Barabar and
Nagarjuni hills in Gaya district of Bihar.

• These caves bear distinctive Mauryan polish and their inscriptions.

• Some of the greatest examples of rock cut caves are – Elephanta and Kanheri
near Mumbai, Ajanta and Ellora in Aurangabad etc.

• Ajanta has 29 Budhist caves (2nd cent. BC – 7th cent. AD).

• Ellora has 34 caves (dating from 5th cent. AD) which have Budhist, Brahmanical
and Jaina caves).
 Con… Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

• The rock cut monuments of south India flourished initially under

Pallavas during 7th century and was expressed in two forms – Mandapa
and Ratha.

• Mandapa means an excavation in rocks which consisted of a simple

pillared hall with one or more cellas in rear.

• Ratha means art on a monolith. Which were generally rock cut models
of structural temples.

• These styles not only laid the foundation for south Indian architectural
styles but also influenced the art in islands of Indonesia.
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 Temple Architecture Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

• Most of the art and architectural remains that survive from Ancient and
Medieval India are religious in nature.

• The earliest known temple with a sensible plan is the original temple
no. 4 at Sanchi which probably of a Mauryan period (without Shikhara or
other elements of Nagara style).

• There were some other temples of comparable date existed in Udaipur

region, Besnagar (MP), Taxila etc.

• Temples for Brahmanical (Hindu), Buddhist and Jain faiths were

constructed since ancient times in India.
 Con… Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Basic features of Hindu temple Architectures:-

• Garbhagriha (sanctum Santorum) – A small cubical with single

entrance where the main deity is placed.
• Mandapa (Assembly hall) – A large space at the entrance of the temple
for the worshipers.
• Shikhar (North India) / Vimana (South India) – Mountain like spire /
tower which can take of curving ‘Shikhara’ or pyramidal tower
‘Vimana’.
• Vahan - the mount or vehicle of the temple’s main deity

etc.
 Con… Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Different forms of Hindu temple Architectures:-

• Two broad forms of temples in the country are known— Nagara in the
north and Dravida in the south.

• Vesara style of temples as an independent style created through the

selective mixing of the Nagara and Dravida architectures.

• Even there are many sub-forms within these styles of temple

architectures are also available in different regions or parts of India.
Nagara style of Temple architecture
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 Con… Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Nagara or North Indian style of temple Architectures:-

• This style of temple architecture is popular in north India and called as Nagara
style of Hindu temple architecture.
• It is common for an entire temple to be built on a strong stone platform with
steps leading up to it.
• While the earliest temples had just one tower, or shikhara, later temples had
several shikhars.
• The garbhagriha is always located directly under the tallest tower.
• At the entrance to garbhagriha, it would be usual to find images such as river
goddesses, Ganga and Yamuna (or their respective symbols).

• There are many subdivisions of nagara temples depending on the shape of the
shikhara. There are different names for the various parts of the temple in
different parts in country.
 Con… Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Different forms within Nagara style :-

• Temples in Central India – In parts of MP, UP & Rajasthan; sandstone

prominently used; Eg. Temples at Khajuraho.

• Temples in West India – In parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan & western part of

MP; Sandstone, black basalt & white marble prominently used; Eg.
Modhera sun temple (Guj.), Dilwara temples at Mount Abu etc.

• Temples in East India – In parts of North – East, Bengal, Odisha &

Bihar; Eg. Konark Sun temple in Odisha.

• Temples in Hill parts of India – In parts of Uttarakhand, Himachal &

J&K; Eg. Jageshwar group of temples in Uttarakhand.
Dravidian temple architecture
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Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)
Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)
 Con… Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)
Dravadian or South Indian style of temple architecture:-

• Unlike the Nagara temple, the Dravida temple is enclosed within a compound
wall.

• The front wall has an entrance gateway in its centre, which is known as a
Gopuram. (Many temples have four Gopurams)

• It is common to find a large water reservoir, or a temple tank, enclosed within

the complex.

• The shape of the main temple tower known as vimana in Tamil Nadu is like a
stepped pyramid that rises up geometrically rather than the curving shikhara of
North India.

• At the entrance to Garbhagriha, you will generally find sculptures of fierce

dvarapalas or the door-keepers guarding the temple.
 Con… Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

• Subsidiary shrines are either incorporated within the main temple tower, or
located as distinct, separate small shrines beside the main temple.

• In some of the most sacred temples in South India, the main temple in which the
Garbhagriha is situated has, in fact, one of the smallest towers.

• Just as there are many subdivisions of the main types of nagara temples, there
are subdivisions also of dravida temples on the basis of shapes.

• Five main dynasties contributed a lot in temple architecture of Dravidian style –

Pallava, Chola, Pandya, Vijayanagara & Nayaka.

• Best examples can be found at – Tanjore, Mahabalipuram, Kanchipuram,

Madurai etc.
 Con… Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Vesara or Deccan style of temple

architecture:-

• Many different styles of temple

architecture influenced by both North
and South Indian temples were used
in regions like Karnataka known as
Vesara.

• Mostly found in Karnataka and some

parts of Maharashtra.

• Credit goes to Chalukya and Rashtrakuta

dynasties.

• Eg. Temples at Aihole and Pattadkal in

Karnataka.
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Buddhist Architecture
• Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early
Buddhism: monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and shrines
or prayer halls (chaityas, also called chaitya grihas), which later came to be
called temples in some places.

• These three structures have different styles.

• Some of the greatest examples of Buddhist architecture are – Sanchi stupa, the
Mahabodhi temple at Bodhgaya and Nalanda University, both in Bihar; Ajanta
and Ellora cave Buddhist architecture.
 Con… Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Features of Stupa Architecture:

• Mound like structures containing Buddhist relics.

• Materials used were bricks, stone and surface covered with thick layer of lime
water with other ingredients etc.

• The initial function of a stupa was the veneration and safe-guarding of the relics
of Gautama Buddha and other great Buddhist saints. The earliest surviving
example of a stupa is in Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh).

• In accordance with changes in religious practice, stupas were gradually

incorporated into chaitya-grihas (prayer halls). These are exemplified by the
complexes of the Ajanta Caves and the Ellora Caves (Maharashtra).
The Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya in Bihar is another well-known example

• Architectural elements of Stupa are – Dome shape hemisphere, Chhatra,

Harmika, Medhi, Toran etc.
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Buddhist Architecture
In initial days, events of Gautam Buddha’s life used to be represented
by symbols in architecture like:-

• Buddha's Birth - Lotus & Bull;

• Great Departure (Mahabhinishkramana) - Horse
• Enlightment (Nirvana ) - Bodhi Tree
• First Sermon – Dhammachakra
• Death (Parinirvana) - Stupa
Buddhist Architecture
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Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)
Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Indo-Islamic Architecture
• With the advent of Islam to India, came a different style of architecture.

• They brought many new features and also adopted many local features and
combined them in their architecture.

• These architectural entities or categories showcasing multiple styles are known as Indo-
Islamic Architecture.

• Tombs and palaces were largely constructed during this period. Domes & Arch were
extensively used in most of the Islamic architectures.

• The study of Indo-Islamic architecture is conventionally categorized as follows:

- The Imperial Style (Delhi sultanate)
- The Provincial styles (Mandu, Gujarat, Bengal and Jaunpur)
- The Mughal Style (Delhi, Agra and Lahore)
- The Deccani style (Bijapur and Golconda)
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Indo-Islamic Architecture

Features of Indo-Islamic architecture:-

Decoration –
• It includes designing on plasters through incisions or stucco covered with colors.
• Motifs (varieties of flowers) were also painted on or carved in stones.
• Popular colours were blue, turquoise, green and yellow.
• Tiles were also used to surface the walls and the domes in later part.
• Jali work and Epigraphy were also used on surfaces.

Constructing Materials:-
• The walls in all buildings were extremely thick and were largely constructed of rubble
masonry.
• These walls were then cased over with chunam or limestone plaster or dressed stone.
• An amazing ranges of stones were utilized for construction such as quartzite, sandstone,
marbles, etc.
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Con…

Examples of Indo-Islamic architecture:-

• Minars – For Azan etc. Eg. Qutub Minar etc.

• Tombs – Massive structures over graves of rulers. Eg. Humayun’s tomb, Taj
Mahal etc.
• Mosques – with large courtyards; Eg. Jama Masjid etc.
• Sarai – Temporary accommodation majorly at en-route.
• Forts / Palaces – Red fort etc.
Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA

• India was under the jurisdiction of many European powers like Britishers, French, Portuguese and
Dutch from 16th – 20th century.

• They came to India initially for trade purposes but later on they established their rule over some or
other parts of India.

• Their areas of dominance were:- French ruled over Puducherry, Portuguese ruled over Goa and
Britishers ruled over almost all parts of India for a long period.

• European colonizers created architecture that symbolized their mission of conquest, dedicated to
religion or administration.

• The colonization of India also had a great impact on architecture. Colonization marked a
new chapter in Indian architecture. 
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Con…

• In its later phase of British rule the colonial architecture culminated into what is called the
Indo-Saracenic architecture. The Indo-Saracenic architecture combined the features of
Hindu, Islamic and western elements.

• The colonial architecture exhibited itself through institutional, civic and utilitarian
buildings such as post offices, railway stations, rest houses and government
buildings. 
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Con…
Features of British Architecture:-

• From traders to Kingdom their architecture changed shapes.

• Starting with the classical prototypes of British architecture the British colonial rule
eventually saw evolvement of a new architectural style, the Indo-Saracenic revival
architecture also referred as Indo-Gothic.

• The cities that bear the imprint of the British architecture are Agra, Bhopal, Bombay,
Calcutta, Delhi, Hyderabad, Karachi, Madras and Nagpur. 

• Some examples of British architecture are:- Victoria memorial in Calcutta, CST in Mumbai, Mysore
palace, Madras High court, Parliament house, Taj Mahal palace hotel in Mumbai, St. George fort in
Chennai etc.

• Some great British architects were – Edward Lutyens, Le Corbusier etc.

Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)
Con…
Features of French Architecture:-

• As they came initially for trade so they developed some ports and later on some
towns with proper planning.

• The town planning used to incorporate Grid pattern, Perpendicular streets etc.

• Some architectural examples are – Pondicherry international airport,

Pondicherry municipality building, French consulate building, French
international school, Our lady of Angels church etc.
Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Con…
Portuguese Architecture in India:-

• Portuguese landed predominantly as merchants and eventually gained control over

Goa.

• Construction of several churches, cathedrals in Goa that showcases a mix of

Indian and Portuguese styles of architecture.

• Notable architectural marvels of the Portuguese-era that eventually emerged as

popular tourist attractions of Goa apart from holding religious and historical
significance include World Heritage Sites located in Old Goa namely ‘churches
and convents of Old Goa’ and ‘Basilica of Bom Jesus’.

• They constructed baroque style of architecture - three storeys.

 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)
Con…
Many Goan houses display remarkable Portuguese architecture.

Features of these Portuguese  architecture in Catholic houses comprises: -

• vibrantly painted exterior 

• distinctly large and decorated windows
• covered verandas and porches
• wooden interior ceilings
• vividly colored interior walls etc.
Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)
 Cave Architecture in India – Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)
Ajanta and Ellora Caves

Ajanta Caves:-

• Beginning with the 2nd century B.C., and continuing into the 6th century
A.D., the paintings and sculptures in the caves of Ajanta and Ellora,
inspired by Buddhism.

• About 107 km from the city of Aurangabad in Maharashtra, are the rock-
out caves of Ajanta nestled in a panoramic gorge, in the form of a gigantic
horseshoe.

• These caves comprise Chaitya halls or shrines, dedicated to Lord Buddha

and Viharas or monasteries, used by Buddhist monks for meditation and
the study of Buddhist teachings.

• The paintings that adorn the walls and ceilings of the caves depict
 Con… Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

• Among the most interesting paintings are the Jataka tales, illustrating
diverse stories relating to the previous incarnations of the Buddha as
Bodhisattava, a saintly being who is destined to become the Buddha.

• These elaborate sculptures and paintings stand in impressive grandeur in

spite of withstanding the ravages of time.

• Amid the beautiful images and paintings are sculptures of Buddha, calm
and serene in contemplation.
 Con… Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Ellora Caves:-

• The cave temples and monasteries at Ellora, excavated out of the vertical
face of an escarpment, are 26 km north of Aurangabad.

• Sculptors, inspired by Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism, created

elaborate rock carvings. Extending in a linear arrangement, the 34 caves
contain Buddhist Chaityas or halls of worship, Viharas or monasteries and
Hindu and Jain temples.

• Spanning a period of about 600 years between the 5th and 11th century

A.D., the earliest excavation here is of the Dhumar Lena (Cave 29).

• The most imposing excavation is, without doubt, that of the magnificent
Kailasa Temple (Cave 16) which is the largest monolithic structure in the
world. Known as Verul in ancient times, it has continuously attracted
pilgrims through the centuries to the present day.
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

HERITAGE HOTELS

MODULE - V

DR. PRAMENDRA SINGH

AITT, AMITY UNIVERSITY, NOIDA
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Heritage Hotels

• Introduction about Heritage hotels

• Types of Heritage hotels
• Criteria for Heritage hotels
• Application for heritage hotels
• Examples of heritage hotels
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Introduction to Heritage Hotels

Definition:-

• ‘Heritage Hotels’ cover running hotels in palaces/castles/forts/havelies/hunting loges/

residence of any size built prior to 1950.

• The facade, architectural features and general construction should have the distinctive
qualities and ambience in keeping with the traditional way of life of the area. The
architecture of the property to be considered for this category should not normally be
interfered with.

• Any extension, improvement, renovation, change in the existing structures should be in

keeping with the traditional architectural styles and constructional techniques
harmonising the new with the old.
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Con…

• After expansion/renovation, the newly built up area added should

not exceed 50% of the total built up (plinth) area including the
old and new structures. For this purpose, facilities such as
swimming pools, lawns etc. will be excluded.
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Classification of Heritage Hotels

• Heritage Basic– built prior to 1950, should have a minimum of

5 rooms (10 beds).
• Heritage Classic – built Prior to 1935, should have a minimum
of 15 room (30 beds).
• Heritage Grand – built Prior to 1935, should have a minimum
of 15 room (30 beds).

• There are some other criteria which differentiate them.

 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Criteria for Different Categories of Heritage Hotels

Room & Bathroom Size:

• No room or bathroom size is prescribed for any of the categories.
However, general ambience, comfort and imaginative re-adaptation
would be considered while awarding sub-classification ‘classic’ or
‘grand’.
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Con..

Special Features:
• Heritage Basic: General features and ambience should conform to the overall
concept of heritage and architectural distinctiveness.

• Heritage Classic: General features and ambience should conform to the overall
concept of heritage and architectural distinctiveness. The hotel should provide at
least one of the under mentioned sporting facilities.

• Heritage Grand: General features and ambience should conform to the overall
concept of heritage and architectural distinctiveness. However, all public and
private areas including rooms should have superior appearance and decor.
At least 50% of the rooms should be air-conditioned (except in hill stations
where there should be heating arrangements). The hotel should also provide at
least two of the under mentioned sporting facilities.
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Con..

SPORTING FACILITIES:

• Swimming Pool, Health Club, Lawn Tennis, squash, Riding, Golf Course, provided
the ownership vests with the concerned hotel.

• Apart from these facilities, credit would also be given for supplementary sporting
facilities such as Golf, Boating, Sailing, Fishing or other adventure sports such as
Ballooning, Parasailing, Wind-surfing, Safari excursions, Trekking etc. and indoor
games.
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Con..

Cuisine:

• Heritage Basic: The hotel should offer traditional cuisine of the area.
• Heritage Classic: The hotel should offer traditional cuisine but should have 4 to
5 items which have close approximation to continental cuisine.
• Heritage Grand: The hotel should offer traditional and continental cuisine.

Management: The Hotel may be managed and run by the owning family and/or
professionals.

NOTE: Classification in any of the above categories will be given keeping in view the
overall standard of the property. The hotel would be judged by the quality of service
and the years of experience that the owner/staff have had in the business.
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

General Features for Heritage Hotels

• There should be adequate parking space for cars.

• All public rooms and areas and the guest rooms should be well maintained
with the traditional lifestyle.

• The guest rooms should be clean, airy, pest free without dampness and musty
odour, and of large size with attached bathrooms with modern facilities.

• There should be a well appointed lobby and/or lounge equipped with furniture
of high standard.
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Facilities in Heritage Hotels

• Reception, cash and information counter with trained employees

• money changing facilities and left luggage room

• well furnished and well maintained dining room on the premises

• In the case of Heritage Grand and Heritage Classic Bar is necessary

and “desirable in the case of Heritage Basic.”

• The kitchen and pantry should be professionally designed and clean

• hygienic garbage disposal arrangements; etc.

 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Services in Heritage Hotels

• qualified, trained, experienced, efficient and courteous staff in service with clean
uniforms
• staff coming in contact with the guests should understand English,
• Housekeeping at these hotels should be of the highest possible standard and
there should be a plentiful supply of linen, blankets, towels, etc.
• Arrangements for heating/cooling must be provided for the guest rooms,
• The hotel should be environment friendly.
• They should also have, wherever possible, arrangements for special services
such as wildlife viewing, water sports, horse/camel / elephant riding or safaris etc.
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Application for Heritage Hotels

The ministry of tourism approves the heritage hotels on the basis of fulfilling the provisions
mentioned for heritage hotels. They have to furnish all the details with documentary proof.

The details in application form includes:-

• Proposed name of the hotel
• Name and details of the promoters
• Details of the property (area, ownership/lease etc. ) with Address
• Distance from Railway airport/station/bus stand
• Number of rooms and their area (single, double, suite etc.)
• Detail of public areas with area (lounge, restaurant, bar, banquet, swimming pool, parking
etc.)
• Blueprint of sketch plan (duly signed by promoter & architect)
• Approval by concerned bodies (eg. Local municipality etc.)
• Capital structure (estimated cost, capital raised, loan etc.)
• Application fee is Rs. 12,000/- to MoT
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Heritage hotels in India

As of 01-04-2020
approved heritage hotels
in India:-

• No. of hotels - 64
• No. of rooms - 1919
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

Some examples of Heritage Hotels

• Umaid Bhavan Palace, Jodhpur (managed by Taj group)

• Taj Lake Palace, Udaipur
• Taj Rambagh Palace, Jaipur
• The Oberoi Grand, Kolkata
• The Taj Mahal Palace, Mumbai
• The Naini Retreat, Nainital
• Kumarakom Lake Resort, Kumarakom (Kerala)
• Ahilya Fort, Maheshwar, M.P.
• Usha Kiran Palace, Gwalior, M.P.
• Neemrana Fort Palace, Alwar, Rajasthan etc.
 Amity Institute of Travel &Tourism (AITT)

[Link]