Advanced Thermodynamics

Chapter

Dr. Rajesh Shukla

TIET, Patiala
 Objectives
• Examine the performance of engineering devices in light
of the second law of thermodynamics.
• Define exergy, which is the maximum useful work that
could be obtained from the system at a given state in a
specified environment.
• Define reversible work, which is the maximum useful
work that can be obtained as a system undergoes a
process between two specified states.
• Define the exergy destruction, which is the wasted work
potential during a process as a result of irreversibilities.
• Define the second-law efficiency.
• Develop the exergy balance relation.
• Apply exergy balance to closed systems and control
volumes. 2
EXERGY: WORK POTENTIAL OF ENERGY
The useful work potential of a given amount of energy at some
specified state is called exergy, which is also called the availability or
available energy.
A system is said to be in the dead state when it is in thermodynamic
equilibrium with the environment it is in.

A system that is in equilibrium with its At the dead state, the useful
environment is said to be at the dead work potential (exergy) of a
state. system is zero. 3
A system delivers the maximum possible work as it undergoes a reversible
process from the specified initial state to the state of its environment, that is,
the dead state.
This represents the useful work potential of the system at the specified state
and is called exergy.
Exergy represents the upper limit on the amount of work a device can deliver
without violating any thermodynamic laws.

The immediate surroundings of a hot The atmosphere contains a

potato are simply the temperature tremendous amount of energy, but
gradient zone of the air next to the no exergy.
potato.
4
Exergy (Work Potential) Associated with Kinetic and
Potential Energy
Exergy of kinetic energy:

Exergy of potential energy: The work

potential or
exergy of
potential energy
The exergies of is equal to the
kinetic and potential energy
potential energies itself.
are equal to
themselves, and
they are entirely
available for work. Unavailable energy is
the portion of energy
that cannot be
converted to work by
even a reversible heat
engine. 5
REVERSIBLE WORK AND IRREVERSIBILITY
Reversible work Wrev: The maximum amount of
useful work that can be produced (or the
minimum work that needs to be supplied) as a
system undergoes a process between the
specified initial and final states.
As a closed
system expands,
some work needs
to be done to push
the atmospheric
air out of the way
(Wsurr).

The difference between

reversible work and
actual useful work is the
irreversibility.

For constant-volume
systems, the total
actual and useful
works are identical
(Wu = W). 6
SECOND-LAW EFFICIENCY, II

Two heat engines that have

Second-law efficiency is a the same thermal efficiency,
measure of the performance of a but different maximum
device relative to its performance thermal efficiencies.
under reversible conditions.
7
 General definition of
exergy efficiency

Second-law
efficiency of The second-law efficiency
all reversible of naturally occurring
devices is processes is zero if none
100%. of the work potential is
recovered.

8
EXERGY CHANGE OF A SYSTEM
Exergy of a Fixed Mass: Nonflow
(or Closed System) Exergy

The exergy of a specified mass

at a specified state is the useful
Exergy of a closed system work that can be produced as
the mass undergoes a
reversible process to the state
of the environment. 9
 Closed system
exergy per unit
mass

Exergy
change of
a closed
system

When the properties of a system are

not uniform, the exergy of the system is

The exergy of a cold

medium is also a
positive quantity since
work can be produced
by transferring heat to it.
10
Exergy of a Flow Stream: Flow (or Stream) Exergy

Exergy of flow energy

Flow
exergy
Exergy change of flow

The exergy associated

with flow energy is the
useful work that would be
delivered by an imaginary
piston in the flow section. 11
The energy and
exergy contents of
(a) a fixed mass
(b) a fluid stream.

12
EXERGY TRANSFER BY HEAT, WORK,
AND MASS
Exergy by Heat Transfer, Q
Exergy transfer
by heat

When temperature is
not constant

The transfer and

destruction of exergy
during a heat transfer
process through a finite
temperature difference.

The Carnot efficiency c=1T0 /T represents the

fraction of the energy transferred from a heat source at
temperature T that can be converted to work in an
environment at temperature T0. 13
Exergy Transfer by Work, W

Exergy Transfer by Mass, m

There is no useful work
transfer associated with
boundary work when the
pressure of the system is
maintained constant at
atmospheric pressure.

Mass contains energy,

entropy, and exergy, and
thus mass flow into or out of
a system is accompanied by
energy, entropy, and exergy
transfer. 14
THE DECREASE OF EXERGY PRINCIPLE
AND EXERGY DESTRUCTION

The isolated system

considered in the
development of the
decrease of exergy
principle.
The exergy of an isolated system during a process always decreases or, in
the limiting case of a reversible process, remains constant. In other words, it
never increases and exergy is destroyed during an actual process. This is
known as the decrease of exergy principle.
15
Exergy Destruction

Exergy destroyed is a positive quantity for

any actual process and becomes zero for a
reversible process.
Exergy destroyed represents the lost work
potential and is also called the irreversibility
or lost work.
Can the exergy change The exergy change of a system
of a system during a can be negative, but the exergy
process be negative? destruction cannot.

Consider heat transfer from a system to its surroundings. How do you

compare exergy changes of the system and the surroundings?
16
EXERGY BALANCE: CLOSED SYSTEMS
The exergy change of
a system during a
process is equal to the
difference between the
net exergy transfer
through the system
boundary and the
exergy destroyed
within the system
boundaries as a result
of irreversibilities.

Mechanisms
of exergy
transfer.
17
 The heat transfer to
a system and work
done by the system
are taken to be
positive quantities.

Qk is the heat transfer through the boundary at temperature Tk at location k.

Exergy
Exergy destroyed
balance for outside system
a closed boundaries can
system be accounted for
when heat by writing an
transfer is to exergy balance
the system on the extended
and the system that
work is from includes the
the system. system and its
immediate
surroundings. 18
EXAMPLES
Exergy balance for heat conduction

Exergy balance for expansion of steam

The exergy balance applied on the extended
system (system + immediate surroundings)
whose boundary is at the environment
temperature of T0 gives

19
Exergy balance for an air tank
20C 54C

20.6 kJ

= 1 kJ 1 kJ

20C Wpw,in=∆U=20.6 kJ
Wrev,in = 1 kJ
19.6 kJ
1 kg
20C
140 kPa
20C
The same effect on the insulated
tank system can be accomplished by
a reversible heat pump that
consumes only 1 kJ of work.

20
EXERGY BALANCE: CONTROL VOLUMES

The rate of exergy change within the

control volume during a process is
equal to the rate of net exergy transfer
through the control volume boundary
by heat, work, and mass flow minus the
rate of exergy destruction within the
boundaries of the control volume.
Exergy is transferred into or out
of a control volume by mass as
well as heat and work transfer.

21
Exergy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems
Most control volumes encountered in practice such as turbines, compressors, nozzles,
diffusers, heat exchangers, pipes, and ducts operate steadily, and thus they experience
no changes in their mass, energy, entropy, and exergy contents as well as their volumes.
Therefore, dVCV/dt = 0 and dXCV/dt = 0 for such systems.

The exergy transfer to a

steady-flow system is
equal to the exergy
transfer from it plus the
exergy destruction
within the system. 22
Reversible Work, Wrev
The exergy balance relations presented above can be used to
determine the reversible work Wrev by setting the exergy destroyed
equal to zero. The work W in that case becomes the reversible work.

The exergy destroyed is zero only for a reversible process, and

reversible work represents the maximum work output for work-
producing devices such as turbines and the minimum work input for
work-consuming devices such as compressors.

23
Second-Law Efficiency of Steady-Flow Devices, II
The second-law efficiency of various steady-flow devices can be determined from
its general definition, II = (Exergy recovered)/(Exergy expended). When the
changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible and the devices are
adiabatic:
Turbine

Compressor

Heat
exchanger

Mixing
chamber A heat exchanger with two unmixed
fluid streams.

24
 EXAMPLES
Exergy analysis of a steam turbine

Exergy balance for a charging process

25
26
 Summary
• Exergy: Work potential of energy
 Exergy (work potential) associated with kinetic and potential energy
• Reversible work and irreversibility
• Second-law efficiency
• Exergy change of a system
 Exergy of a fixed mass: Nonflow (or closed system) exergy
 Exergy of a flow stream: Flow (or stream) exergy
• Exergy transfer by heat, work, and mass
• The decrease of exergy principle and exergy destruction
• Exergy balance: Closed systems
• Exergy balance: Control volumes
 Exergy balance for steady-flow systems
 Reversible work
 Second-law efficiency of steady-flow devices
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