Process Costing
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Job-Costing Systems Process-Costing
Systems
Distinct, identifiable
units of a product Masses of identical
or service or similar units of a
product or service
Examples:
Custom-made Examples:
machines, Food,
Houses Chemical processing
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Process-Costing
Process-costing is a system where the unit cost of a
product or service is obtained by assigning total
costs to many identical or similar units
Each unit receives the same or similar amounts of
direct materials costs, direct labor costs, and
manufacturing overhead
Unit costs are computed by dividing total costs
incurred by the number of units of output from the
production process
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Process-Costing Assumptions
Direct Materials are added at the beginning of the
production process, or at the start of work in a
subsequent department down the assembly line
Conversion Costs are added equally along the
production process
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Five-Step Process-Costing Allocation
1. Ringkaslah arus unit fisik output
2. Hitung unit ekuivalen
3. Hitung biaya per unit ekuivalen
4. Hitung total biaya
5. Bebankan total biaya ke dalam produk jadi dan
produk dalam proses akhir
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Equivalent Units
A derived amount of output units that:
1. Takes the quantity of each input in units completed
and in unfinished units of work in process and
2. converts the quantity of input into the amount of
completed output units that could be produced with
that quantity of input
Are calculated separately for each input (direct
materials and conversion cost)
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Soal
PADA BULAN FEBRUARI 2015 DI PERUSAHAAN XYZ DIKETAHUI
TIDAK ADA PRODUK DALAM PROSES AWAL, PRODUK MASUK
PROSES SEBANYAK 400 UNIT, PRODUK JADI 175 UNIT, DAN
SISANYA MASIH DALAM PROSES DENGAN TINGKAT
PENYELESAIAN BBB 100% DAN BIAYA KONVERSI 60%.
ADAPUN BIAYA-BIAYA YANG TERJADI SELAMA BULAN FEBRUARI
ADALAH
BBB $ 32 000
BIAYA KONVERSI $ 18.600
ATAS DASAR DATA TERSEBUT BUATLAH LAPORAN HARGA POKOK
PRODUKSI UNTUK PERUSAHAAN INI.
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Steps 1 & 2 Illustrated
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Steps 3, 4 & 5, Illustrated
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General Ledger Cost Flows
Illustrated
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Weighted-Average
Process-Costing Method
Calculates cost per equivalent unit of all work done to
date (regardless of the accounting period in which it
was done)
Assigns this cost to equivalent units completed &
transferred out of the process, and to incomplete
units in still in-process
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Weighted-Average
Process-Costing Method
Weighted-average costs is the total of all costs in the
Work-in-Process Account divided by the total
equivalent units of work done to date
The beginning balance of the Work-in-Process
account (work done in a prior period) is blended in
with current period costs
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Diketahui Produk dalam proses awal sebanyak 225 unit dengan tingkat
penyelesaian bahan langsung 100% dan biaya konversi 60%
Produk masuk proses bulan ini 275 unit
Pada akhir bulan diketahui produk jadi berjumlah 400 unit dan produk
masih dalam proses akhir berjumlah 100 unit dengan tingkat
penyelesaian bahan langsung 100% dan biaya konversi 50%.
Biaya yang melekat pada produk dalam proses awal terdiri dari biaya
bahan $18.000 dan biaya konversi $8.100, sedangkan biaya yang
ditambahkan pada periode sekarang adalah:
Bahan langsung $ 19.800
Biaya konversi $ 16.380
Atas dasar data tersebut buatlah laporan harga pokok produksi
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Steps 1 & 2 Illustrated
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Steps 3, 4 & 5 Illustrated
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Result of the Process
Two critical figures arise out of Step Five of the cost
allocation process:
1. The amount of the Journal Entry transferring the
allocated cost of units completed and sent from
Work-in-Process Inventory to Finished Goods
Inventory
2. The ending balance of the Work-in-Process
Inventory account that will appear on the Balance
Sheet
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First-in, First-Out
Process-Costing Method
Assigns the cost of the previous accounting period’s
equivalent units in beginning work-in-process
inventory to the first units completed and
transferred out of the process
Assigns the cost of equivalent units worked on
during the current period first to complete
beginning inventory, next to stat and complete new
units, and lastly to units in ending work-in-process
inventory
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First-in, First-Out
Process-Costing Method
The beginning balance of the Work-in-Process
account (work done in a prior period) is kept separate
from current period costs
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Diketahui Produk dalam proses awal sebanyak 225 unit dengan tingkat
penyelesaian bahan langsung 100% dan biaya konversi 60%
Produk masuk proses bulan ini 275 unit
Pada akhir bulan diketahui produk jadi berjumlah 400 unit dan produk
masih dalam proses akhir berjumlah 100 unit dengan tingkat
penyelesaian bahan langsung 100% dan biaya konversi 50%.
Biaya yang melekat pada produk dalam proses awal terdiri dari biaya
bahan $18.000 dan biaya konversi $8.100, sedangkan biaya yang
ditambahkan pada periode sekarang adalah:
Bahan langsung $ 19.800
Biaya konversi $ 16.380
Atas dasar data tersebut buatlah laporan harga pokok produksi
© 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
Steps 1 & 2, Illustrated
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Steps 3, 4 & 5, Illustrated
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Result of the Process (as before)
Two critical figures arise out of Step Five of the cost
allocation process:
1. The amount of the Journal Entry transferring the
allocated cost of units completed and sent from
Work-in-Process Inventory to Finished Goods
Inventory
2. The ending balance of the Work-in-Process
Inventory account that will appear on the Balance
Sheet
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Standard Costing and
Process Costing
Teams of design and process engineers, operations
personnel, and management accountants work
together to determine separate standard costs per
equivalent unit on the basis of different technical
processing specifications for each product
Standard costs replace actual costs in equivalent unit
calculations
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Steps 1 & 2, Illustrated
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Steps 3, 4 & 5, Illustrated
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General Ledger Cost Flows Illustrated
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Transferred-in Costs
Are costs incurred in previous departments that are
carried forward as the products cost when it moves
to a subsequent process in the production cycle
Also called Previous Department Costs
Journal entries are made to mirror the progress in
production from department to department
Transferred-in costs are treated as if they are a
separate type of direct material added at the
beginning of the process
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Steps 1 & 2, Illustrated
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Steps 3, 4 & 5, Illustrated
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Steps 1 & 2, Illustrated
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Steps 3, 4 & 5, Illustrated
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Hybrid Costing Systems
A Hybrid-Costing System blends characteristics from
both job-costing and process-costing systems
Many actual production systems are in fact hybrids
Examples include manufacturers of televisions,
dishwashers and washing machines, as well as Adidas
© 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
© 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.