Membrane, Cell Wall and
Cytoplasm
Structure of cell wall
Describe the structure, functions and
distribution of cell wall and organelles
Cell membrane
a)The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane or
plasmalemma) is the biological membrane separating the interior
of a cell from the outside environment
b)Characteristics of cell membrane
• It is a semipermeable lipid bilayer found in all cells
• Contains biological molecules, primarily proteins and lipids
• Organelles such as the golgi apparatus ,endoplasmic
reticulum, centrioles, cilia, lysosomes and flagellum are
bounded by a membrane
C)Structure of cell membrane
• Structure of plasma membrane
1) phospholipids bilayer
2) proteins molecules.
• Phospholipid bilayer is an amphipatic molecule.
~ hydrophilic head region (attached to water)
~ hydrophobic tail region(repelled by water).
Diagram of the arrangement of amphipathic lipid molecules to form
a lipid bilayer. The yellow polar head groups separate the grey
hydrophobic tails from the aqueous cytosolic and extracellular
environments.
Fluid Mosaic Model
• Carbohydrate molecules attach to
~ protein molecules forming glycoprotein
~ phospholipids molecules forming glycolipid.
• Cholesterol molecules
~ are found in cell membrane of animals.
~ inserted among phospholipids molecules.(limit the free movement
of phospholipids molecules especially at high
temperature. This stabilizes the structure of the membrane).
• Globular proteins
1) Intrinsic protein
-Fully or partially submerged in the phospholipid bilayer.
-Hydrophobic groups of intrinsic proteins are usually situated within
the phospholipid bilayer with their hydrophilic.
2) Extrinsic protein
-Are found floating on the internal and external surfaces of the
phospholipid bilayer.
d) Functions of plasma membrane
• Membranes of organelles protects the organelles.
• The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell
~In animal cells, separates the intracellular components
from the extracellular environment
• The cell membrane is selectively permeable
~ regulate what enters and exits the cell, thus facilitating the
transport of materials needed for survival
Cell wall
a) Structure of cell wall
1) The cell wall has a thickness ranging from o.1µm to several µm.
2) Non-living component which located outside the cell
membrane.
3) The main structural components of cell wall are bundles of cellulose
molecules known as microfibrils
4) The cellulose microfibrils are cemented and held together by a
matrix of pectin and hemicellulose
5)Cell walls consist of 3 types of layers
Layer of cell walls Characteristics
Middle lamella ~ first layer formed during cell division.
~ makes up the outer wall of the cell and is shared by
adjacent cells
~ pectic compounds and protein.
Primary wall ~ formed after the middle lamella
~ rigid skeleton of cellulose microfibrils embedded
in a gel-like matrix (pectic , hemicellulose , and
glycoproteins )
Secondary wall ~ formed after cell enlargement
~ rigid and provides compression strength
~ made of
a) cellulose c) lignin
b) hemicellulose
~ Plasmodesmata are found in cell walls connecting
cytoplasm of neighbouring cells.
b) Function of cell wall
Provide tensile strength and limited plasticity .
keeping cells from rupturing from turgor pressure -
(provide support for the non-woody tissue)
Thick walled cells - provide mechanical support
Provide mechanical protection from insects & pathogens
Cytoplasm
~ Jellylike substance contained within the plasma membrane.
~ It is made up of two parts
1) cytosol( cytoplasmic solution)
2) cell organelles
~ Cytosol
* semi-fluid portion of the cytoplasm that remains after all
* cell organelles and solids, such as food particles are removed by
centrifugation.(separates of mixture using centrifugal force).
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Organelles
~ Organelles are bounded within the plasma membrane.
~ Several formed bodies that carry out specific functions in the cells.
~ Example of organelles
1) Nucleus
2) Ribosomes
3) Rough endoplasmic recticulum
4)smooth endoplasmic recticulum
5) Mitochondria
6) Golgi Apparatus
7) Chloroplasts
8) Centrioles
9) Vacuoles
10) Microtubules
THE END