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Understanding Networking Fundamentals

The document provides an overview of networking basics and compares telecommunications (telco) networks and data networks like the Internet. Telco networks are over 100 years old, use circuit switching, and are designed for voice calls. The Internet is about 50 years old, uses packet switching, and was designed for data transmission. Both networks share goals of scale and heterogeneity but have different underlying assumptions around bandwidth usage, routing, and billing models.

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4 views10 pages

Understanding Networking Fundamentals

The document provides an overview of networking basics and compares telecommunications (telco) networks and data networks like the Internet. Telco networks are over 100 years old, use circuit switching, and are designed for voice calls. The Internet is about 50 years old, uses packet switching, and was designed for data transmission. Both networks share goals of scale and heterogeneity but have different underlying assumptions around bandwidth usage, routing, and billing models.

Uploaded by

wangoh david
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Networking Basics: A Review

Carey Williamson
Department of Computer Science
University of Calgary
Communications Networks

 Historically, there have been two different


philosophies guiding the design, operation, and
evolution of communication networks
— the “telco” view (i.e., telecommunications networks to
support voice telephony and other emerging services,
such as fax, data, location, etc.)
— the “data networking” view (i.e., the Internet)
 While the two approaches share some similar
goals and challenges (e.g., scale, geography,
heterogeneity), they often have quite different
underlying assumptions
2
Telco Networks (1 of 2)

 Over 100 years old


 Circuit-switched network
 Designed for transmission of human voice
 Twisted pair copper wire for residential access
— “cheap”, adequate bandwidth, easy to handle...
 Aggregation of multiple calls at toll office for
multiplexing/demultiplexing using TDM
 Low bandwidth required per call (e.g., 64 Kbps)
 Fixed bandwidth required per call

3
Telco Networks (2 of 2)

 Call routing and circuit allocation decided once per call


at time of call arrival
 End to end path allocation, with dedicated circuit
(reserved bandwidth) per active call
 All bits travel same path; stay in same order
 Call state information crucial in network switches
 Busy signal if no path possible (blocking <= 2%)
 Billing model based on time used (in minutes)
 Single class of service; high reliability (99.99%)
 New services: faxes, modems, mobility, ...
4
The Internet (1 of 2)

 About 50 years old


 Packet-switched network
 Variable size packets permitted
 Designed for transmission of data
 Wide range of access technologies
 Wide range of user and application behaviour
 Bursty, variable bandwidth required per call
 Aggregation of traffic at routers/switches
 Transmission links shared on stat mux basis

5
The Internet (2 of 2)

 Connection-less network layer protocol (IP)


 “Best effort” datagram delivery model
 Packet routing decided on a per packet basis
 No end to end path allocation; no reserved bandwidth
per active call
 Packets can travel any path; packets can be delayed,
lost, duplicated, re-ordered
 Minimal state info in network switches
 Single class of service
 Billing model? (hours? pkts? bytes? bandwidth?)
6
Internet Protocol Stack

 Application: supporting network


applications and end-user services Application
— FTP, SMTP, HTTP, DNS, NTP
 Transport: end to end data transfer Transport
— TCP, UDP
 Network: routing of datagrams from Network
source to destination
— IPv4, IPv6, BGP, RIP, routing protocols Data Link
 Data Link: hop by hop frames, channel
access, flow/error control Physical
— PPP, Ethernet, IEEE 802.11b
001101011...
 Physical: raw transmission of bits

7
Internet Protocol Stack

Application Application

Transport Transport

Network Network

Data Link Data Link

Physical Core Physical


Network

8
Internet Protocol Stack

Application Application Application


Router
Transport Transport Transport

Network Network Network

Data Link Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical Physical

9
Internet Protocol Stack

Application Application Application

Transport Switch
Transport Transport

Network Network Network

Data Link Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical Physical

10

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