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Understanding Computer Organization & Architecture

This document discusses computer organization and architecture. It begins by defining analogue and digital devices, and how many applications have transitioned from analogue to digital formats like images, video, audio, and more. The digital revolution offers advantages like reproducibility, ease of design, flexibility, programmability, speed, lower cost, and improving technology. Computer organization refers to operational units and interconnections, while architecture refers to attributes that directly impact program execution. The central processing unit contains a control unit and arithmetic logic unit to decode instructions and perform calculations. Memory includes primary and secondary units like RAM, ROM, disks, and flash. Buses connect different parts of the computer system.

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5 views15 pages

Understanding Computer Organization & Architecture

This document discusses computer organization and architecture. It begins by defining analogue and digital devices, and how many applications have transitioned from analogue to digital formats like images, video, audio, and more. The digital revolution offers advantages like reproducibility, ease of design, flexibility, programmability, speed, lower cost, and improving technology. Computer organization refers to operational units and interconnections, while architecture refers to attributes that directly impact program execution. The central processing unit contains a control unit and arithmetic logic unit to decode instructions and perform calculations. Memory includes primary and secondary units like RAM, ROM, disks, and flash. Buses connect different parts of the computer system.

Uploaded by

Daniel Rizvi
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

COMPUTER

ORGANISATION & ARCHITECTURE

Presented by
Salwan Tajjour

1
Introduction

What Are Analogue & Digital Devices?


• Analogue devices process time-varying signal that
can take on any value in a continuous range of
voltage, current or any other measure.
• Digital devices process signals that take on one of
several discrete values, e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. Usually it
is one of two values, 0 & 1.

2
From Analogue To Digital

• In the last few decades, many applications that were once


analogue have gone digital:
– Pictures – From film-based to JPEG
– Video recordings – From VHS to DVD
– Audio recording – CDs use 16-bit samples taken every 22
msec.
– Telephone System.
– Traffic lights – Most controllers use microprocessor to control
lights where they used to use electromechanical timers.

3
4
Advantages of Digital

The Digital Revolution offers many advantages over the earlier


generations of analog equipment:
• Reproducibility of results – the same inputs will always
produce the same output. (if properly designed)
• Ease of design
• Flexibility and Functionality – E.g., you could scramble your
voice and unscramble it on the other end without distortion.
• Programmability -Hardware Description Languages are used to
write programs for digital design
• Speed – faster than analog devices
• Economy – Can be designed and manufactured at lower cost
• The Technology Is Always Improving

5
 Computer Organisation:
refers to the operational units and their interconnections that
realize the architectural specifications. Examples are things that
are transparent to the programmer.
 Computer Architecture:
refers to those attributes of a system that have a direct impact on
the logical execution of a program.

6
What does a program mean?

7
How Does Computer Work?

Program:
• Instructions
• Fetch
• Decoded
• Execute

8
Central Processing Unit:

It is the brain of the computer and it contains:


 Control Unit:
It will decode the instructions which were fetched
from the memory and generate a sequence of control
signals to carry out all operations.
 Arithmetic Logic Unit ALU:
All calculations happen into it. Because it contains
some registers in addition to several kind of circuits
to carry out logical and arithmetic operations.

9
Memory Unit

There are two main types of memories:


 Primary or Main Memory:
It stores all active instructions and data for the
program being executed on the processor.

 Secondary Memory:
It is used as a backup and stores all active and
inactive programs and data. Such as files.

10
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Read Only Memory (ROM)
 Magnetic Disk
 Flash Memory

11
Busses Type

 Data Bus
 Control Bus
 Address Bus

12
I/O devices

13
Reffernces
22

 M. Moris Mano – computer system and


computer architecture.
 David A. Patterson & John. L. Hennessy,
Computer Architecture.

14
23

15

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