SOLUTION:
HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTURE
Components of a Solution
Solvent
It is normally the component of a
solution present in greater amount
and the dissolving medium of a solution
Solute
It is normally the component of a
solution present in smaller amount and is
dissolved in a solvent to form a solution
Classification of Solutions
Based on the physical state
of the solvent
Based on Solubility
Solubility of solute is the amount of
substance that dissolves in a given
quantity of solvent at a given
temperature to form a saturated
solution.
Factors affecting solubility of a
solute
1. nature of the solvent
2. surface area exposed, if the solute is solid
3. state of the solution when the solute is added
4. temperature
a. an increase in temperature increases the solubility of
most solid solutes dissolved in liquid solvents
[Link] increase in temperature decreases the solubility of
gaseous solutes dissolved in liquid solvents
5. pressure
a. for solid solutes, solubility is not greatly affected
b. for gases, the greater the pressure, the higher the
solubility
1. Saturated solution contains the
maximum amount of solute that is
capable of being dissolved
[Link] solution contains less
than the maximum amount of solute
that is capable of being dissolved
[Link] saturated solution contains more
than the maximum amount of solute that
could be normally dissolved in a given
amount of solvent at a specific temperature
Based on the amount of
solute dissolved
Dilute solution has a relatively small amount
of solute dissolved in the solution
Concentrated solution contains a
relatively large amount of solute relative
to the amount that could dissolve
Two types of intermolecular
attraction that must be overcome to
form a solution
The first step is dissolution, which
corresponds to the force of the solvent
-solvent and solute -solute intermolecular
attractions that needs to be broken down.
The second step is solvation, which
corresponds to the force of the solute-
solvent intermolecular attraction that needs
to be formed in order to form a solution.
Solution Concentration
Concentration of a solution is the
amount of solute present in a specified
amount of solvent or a specified
amount of a solution
Concentration =
=
Methods of Expressing Concentration
1. Percentage of Solute
Weight-weight Percent (Percent by
weight or Percent by mass)
Wt-wt % = x 100%
•Weight solution = weight solute + weight solvent
•
What is the weight percent of
a sodium chloride solution that
is made by dissolving 12.0 g
NaCl in 60.0 g H2O?
•
% by weight NaCl = = 16.7%
Weight solution = 12.0 g + 60.0 g = 72.0 g
What weight of sucrose and
water are needed to prepare
500 g of a 30.0% solution by
mass?
•
% by weight =
30.0% =
Weight solute = = 150 g
How many grams of sulfuric acid, H2SO4,
are contained in 1.00 L of a 34.0% by
mass H2SO4 solution having a density of
1.25 g/ml?
•
Density(ρ) solution =
1.25 g/ml =
Weight solution = 1.25g/ml x 1000 ml = 1250 g
% by weight =
weight of H2SO4 = = 425 g
Volume-volume Percent
(Percent by volume)
•
Vol-vol % = x 100%
80.0 ml of methyl alcohol and 80.0 ml of water are
mixed to give a solution that has a volume of 154
ml. What is the concentration of the solution
expressed as % by volume methyl alcohol?
% by volume =
= = 51.9 %
Weight-Volume Percent
•
Wt-Vol% = x 100%
In the treatment of certain illnesses in the body, a
0.92 weight-volume % NaCl solution is to be
administered intravenously. How many grams of
NaCl are required to prepare 345 ml of this solution?
Wt – vol % = x 100%
0.92% =
Wt NaCl = =3.2 g
2. Molarity, M
•
M =but mole =
M =
What is the molarity of a solution made by
dissolving 136 g glucose, C6H12O6, in enough water
to make 250 ml of solution?
M= =
M = = 3.02 M
How many grams of KOH are required to
prepare 500 ml of 0.50 M KOH solution?
•
M = =
0.50 mol/l =
Wt KOH = 14.0 g
3. Molality, m
•
m= but mole =
• m =
For dilute aqueous solutions, molarity and
molality are practically identical in numerical
value. This results from water having a
density of 1.0 g/ml
Glucose, C6H12O6, is a sugar that occurs in
fruits. It is also known as “blood sugar”
because it is found in the blood and is the
body’s main source of energy. What is the
molality of a solution containing 5.67 g of
C6H12O6 in 25.2 g H2O?
•
m = =
m = = 1.25 m
4. Mole Fraction, X
•
Xsolute =
Xsolvent =
*** Xsolute + X sovent =1
A 100-g sample of rubbing alcohol contains
65.0 g of isopropyl alcohol, C3H7OH, and
35.0 g water. What is the mole fraction of
C3H7OH and H2O in the solution?
mole C3H7OH = 65.0 g = 1.08 mol
60.0 g/mol
mole H2O = 35.0 g = 1.94 mol
18.0 g/mol
total mole =1.08 + 1.94 =3.02 mol
XC3H7OH = = = 0.358
XH2O = = 0.642
5. Normality, N
• =
N
but g-equiv =
equiv wt =
if solution is an acid, f = number of
replaceable H+
if solution is a base, f = number of
replaceable OH=
N =
Calculate the normality of a
solution containing 7.88 g
HNO3 in 1.00 L solution.
••
=N
• = = 0.125 N
Urea, (NH2)2CO is used as a fertilizer. What is
the molar concentration of an aqueous
solution that is 3.42 molal urea? The density
of the solution is 1.045g/mL. MM of urea is
60.0 g/mol.
• =
M
Assume: 1.00 kg urea solution so using
m =
mol solute = 3.42 mol x 1.00 kg
kg
Computing for the kg of solution:
mol solute = wt solute
MM solute
•
wt solute = 3.42 mol x 60.0 g/mol = 205.2 g
density of solution = wt soln
vol soln
vol soln = 1000g = 957 ml = 0.957L
1.045 g/ml
M = = = 3.57M
[Link] Concepts
Dilution is the process in which more of the
solvent is added to the solution to lower the
concentration of the solution. The amount
of the solute is the same but is distributed in
a larger amount of solvent.
concentrated + diluent dilute
solution solution
General Principle that could
be used to represent dilution
concept:
amount of solute = amount of solute
dissolved dissolved
before dilution after dilution
**amount of solute dissolved =
volume of solution x concentration**
V1 C1 = V 2 C2
What volume of concentrated solution
HCl should be used to prepare 500 ml
of a 3.00 M HCl solution?
Concentrated HCl is 12.0 M
V1C1 - V2C2
V1 = V2C2 = 500 ml x 3.00 M = 125 ml
C1 12.0 M