Reproduction
A L - FA T H 2 0 11
T E A CH E R S UE
What is Reproduction?
Reproduction is the process of producing
offspring
Offspring- a new organism produced by one
or two parents
Reproduction
Asexual Sexual
Reproduction Reproduction
What is Asexual Reproduction?
The processes resulting in the production of
genetically identical offspring from one
parent
How does this happen?
Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical
offspring
Mitosis makes new cells with the same genes as the
old one
Many living organisms use mitosis to make new
organisms-they just grow a new one out of themselves.
Mitosis : Nuclear division giving rise to genetically
identical cells in which the chromosome number is
maintained by the exact duplication of chromosomes
How does this happen?
Cells have a life cycle which is called the cell cycle.
The cell cycle includes two stages:
Interphase
Mitosis
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Fungi produce spores asexually
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Fungi produce spores asexually
Hypha
Hyphae (mycelium)
Aerial hyphae
Sporangium
Tuber Formation in Potatoes
Taking Cuttings
Tissue Culture
Tissue Culture
Tissue culture involves the following steps:
Small amounts of parent tissue or a number of cells are taken
The plant material is transferred to plates containing sterile
nutrient agar jelly
Plant hormones are added to stimulate the cells to divide
Cells grow rapidly into small masses of tissue (callus)
More growth hormones are added to stimulate the growth of
roots and stems
The tiny plantlets are transferred into potting trays where
they develop into plants
Bacteria reproduce by Binary Fission
Binary fission is a process of
asexual reproduction in
prokaryotic cells
Binary fission has four steps
1. cell growth
2. DNA replication
3. Cell separation & growth
4. The cell splits in two
Budding in a hydra
What is Budding?
Budding is a form of asexual reproduction
Budding involves the development pinching off of
a new cell
Budding is very common in plants and fungi, but
may be found in animal organisms as well, such as
the Hydra. Usually, the protrusion stays attached
to the primary organism for a while, before
becoming free. The new organism is genetically
identical to the primary one (a clone).
Regeneration (Fragmentation)
Regeneration is another
form of asexual
reproduction
During regeneration, an
organism breaks into two
or more parts.
Each part can grow into
separate organisms
Starfish and sponges have
the ability to reproduce
asexually by regeneration
Video Time
Asexual Reproducers
The advantages & Disadvantages of asexual
Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
The processes involving the fusion of
haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote
and the production of genetically
dissimilar offspring
Sexual reproduction in Plants
Flowers are for sexual
reproduction
to make gametes +
fertilisation
gametes are made
through meiosis
Flowers are for sexual reproduction
pollen grains contain
male gametes
Pollen must be carried
from anther to stigma =
Pollination
Flowers are for sexual reproduction
each ovule contains a
female gamete
Flowers are for sexual reproduction
Pollen tubes take male
gametes to ovules
Video Time
Flower arrangement
Flower as reproductive organ
Pollination
The transfer of pollen grains from the male part of
the plant (anther of stamen) to the female part of
the plant (stigma)
Self-pollination
Cross-pollination
Wind-pollinated flowers
Insect-pollinated flowers
Video Time
Methods of Pollination
Lets Review What We Learned!
What is reproduction?
Reproduction is the process of producing
offspring
What Are Offspring?
Offspring are new organisms created by one or
two parents
What are the two types of reproduction?
Asexual Reproduction
&
Sexual Reproduction
What is Asexual Reproduction?
Asexual Reproduction is the
process of producing
offspring with only one
parent
What is sexual reproduction?