FRICTION
Why does the bicycle not
go faster and faster?
This happens due to ‘friction’.
There are two types of
friction hold back when you
are cycling.
One type is caused by
friction force on the
moving parts
The other is caused by
the air friction.
What is Friction?
• Friction is the force
produced between
two surfaces when
they are rubbing or
sliding against each
other.
• The force of friction
always works in the
opposite direction to
the movement.
Types of Friction
Generally we classify the friction in two
categories –
• Static friction
• Kinetic friction
(1) Static friction : - when the body is in
rest condition then the friction force
exerted by the body is called "static
friction".
(2) Kinetic friction
• when the body is in moving condition then
the friction force exerted by the body is
called is called "Kinetic friction“.
• Kinetic/dynamic friction is also classified
into three categories -
(i) sliding friction
(ii) Rolling friction
(iii) Pivot friction
(i) sliding friction : -
when a body slide over another body
then the friction force exerted by the body is called
"Sliding friction".
(ii) Rolling friction:-
A body which has balls or rollers
roles on the another body then the friction force exerted
by the second body on the first body is called "Rolling
friction".
(iii) Pivot friction:- 枢轴摩擦
The friction force experienced by a
body , due to the motion of rotation as in case of foot
step bearings.
SOME OTHER TYPES OF
FRICTION
(i) Dry friction - Friction between two 未润滑 un -lubricated or dry
surface.
(ii) Lubricated friction - Friction between two lubricated surface.
Lubricated friction can also be classified into two categories –
(a) Greasy friction - when there is a very thin layer of lubricant between
the surfaces.
(b) Fluid friction : - when we introduce a thick layer of lubricant between
two moving surfaces
WHERE FRICTION IS DESIRABLE
• During walking on the
road.
• In writing on the
paper.
• To hold or grabbing
something.
WHERE FRICTION IS NOT DESIRABLE
• During walking we
have to put extra
effort.
• Due to friction the life
of the machine part
reduced.
• it is not required in
mechanical parts
where two parts of
machine meet. A large effort required to
move this block than on
a smoother one.
LIMITING FRICTION FORCE
• The maximum value of the friction force
at which the body resting on the another
body start to slide.
If Limiting friction force is “F” and
applied force is “P”, then
(i) If F > P (no motion between two
bodies)
(ii) If F < P ( motion between bodies)
(iii) If F = P (motion will be there)
NORMALREACTION/FORCE
• It is the net force
compressing two
parallel surface
together and the
direction of the
reaction force will be
perpendicular to the
surface on which its
act.
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
- "It is defined as the ratio of the ratio of the
limiting friction force to the normal reaction
force".
- It is represented by the "µ".
- it is given by - µ = F / Fn
> (limiting friction/normal reaction)
Every pair of surfaces has a unique, empirically obtained
set of coefficients.
For example, dry steel on dry steel has a static coefficient
of about 0.6 and a kinetic coefficient of 0.4. When oil or
grease is added, the coefficients drop to about 0.1 and
0.05, respectively.
STATIC FRICTION
• "When friction occurs between two bodies
which are not in motion then the friction
is known as STATIC FRICTION“, and it is
represented by "µs".
• It is given by
F {max} = µs * Fn
KINETIC FRICTION
“ When the friction
occurs between two
bodies which have
relative motion to
each other, then the
friction is known as
the KINETIC
FRICTION“, and it is
represented by
"µ"or "µk".
F {max} = µ * Fn.
LAWS OF STATIC FRICTION
i. The applied force will be equal in
magnitude with friction force.
ii. The ratio of the limiting friction force to
the normal reaction force is called
coefficient of static friction.
iii. The force of friction is dependent on the
roughness of the surface but
independent on the area of contact.
LAWS OF KINETIC FRICTION
i. The direction of the friction force will be
opposite to the direction of motion of the
body.
ii. The ratio of the kinetic friction to the
normal reaction is a constant.
[Link] we increase the speed of the moving
body then the friction force decrease.
LAWS OF SOLID FRICTION
i. The force of friction is dependent on the
material of the surface but independent on
the relative velocity of the sliding body
and area of contact surface.
ii. The friction force is directly proportional
to the normal reaction force.
Air Resistance
What is air resistance?
Air resistance is a frictional force that air pushes
against a moving object.
It is also known as drag.
Air resistance pushes up as gravity pulls an object
down.
Air resistance always tries to slows a moving
object down.
The faster you move, the greater the resistance.
Ex:The larger the surface area
of objects, the greater amount
of air resistance on it. This is
why a leaf falls more slowly
than an acorn.
Terminal Velocity- the
highest velocity that will be
reached by a falling
object.
Ex:As an object falls through the
air, air resistance gradually
increases until it balances the
pull of gravity. When this
happens, the falling object will
stop accelerating. This is the
terminal velocity.
Examples of air resistance
When you ride your bicycle fast, you can feel the air pushing back against
your face and body.
• The faster you go, the bigger the air resistance
• When a bicycle’s speed doubles, air resistance
increases four times.
• At low speed, the friction is small, much smaller than
the force pushing the bicycle forward. And so most of
the force which you put on the pedal goes towards
speeding up the bicycle. 力量用来加快速度
• But, as the bicycle speeds up, friction increases.
Eventually, it gets so large that it is equal to the force
pushing the bicycle forward. All your force is used to
overcome friction. The two forces are balanced (equal
and opposite). The bicycle keeps going at a steady
speed. 力量用来对抗摩擦力
Air resistance on falling objects
Forces on a parachute
• Air resistance is used by parachutists to slow down
their fall
• The open parachute has a very large surface area.
• The bigger the surface area, the greater the resistance.
• So the open parachute makes a lot of air resistance.
This slows the parachute down and the parachutist
drops gently to the ground.
• A space shuttle uses a parachute to slow it down
quickly when it lands. This means that it can land on a
shorter runaway.
Air resistance on light objects
• air resistance makes light objects fall slower.
• When a feather falls, it falls slowly because the air is in
its way.
• When a leaf falls from a tree, it floats gently down to
the ground.
• Air resistance pushes up against the surface of the leaf
• The bigger the surface area, the greater the resistance
• A leaf is so light the pull of gravity is not much stronger
than the upward force of the air resistance- so a leaf
falls slowly to the ground.
Reducing Air Resistance
• Thrust and Lift are created
artificially to overcome air
resistance and gravity in
order to enable an airplane
to fly.
• The engine and propeller
combination is designed to
produce thrust to overcome
air resistance (drag).
• The wing is designed to
produce lift to overcome
gravity, also called weight.
Streamlining
• In order for things to move
efficiently through air or water,
they need to have the smallest
possible surface area (remember: the
bigger the surface area, the greater the resistance)
• Crouching down low on the
bikes helps racing cyclists to
reduce the air resistance on
them and cycle fast. Wearing
streamlined helmets with
special smooth shapes is an
advantage for them as they
allow the air to flow over the
cyclist more easily.
Streamlining
• Car designers test
different streamlined
shapes to see which
shapes cut through the
air best.
• Lorries use spoilers to
help the air flow more
smoothly over their
bulky shapes.