Lecture #2:
Signal Transformations
and Classifications
Dr Abul Khair bin Anuar
Dept of Communication Engineering
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (FKEE)
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)
2 Outlines
Signal Transformations Classification of signals
Amplitude Scaling Continuous and discrete signals
Time Shifting, Time Scaling Symmetry
Multiple Transformation
Periodicity
Energy and power signal
Time Reversal
Addition/ Subtraction
Multiplication/ Division
Differentiation/ Integration
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3 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, student shall be able to
Solve signal transformation using mathematical and graphical
method
Classify signals according to its physical properties
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4 Amplitude Scaling
An amplitude scaling is defined as:
𝑥 (𝑡 ) 𝑦 (𝑡)
where is the scaling factor.
For , signal is attenuated 𝑎
For , signal is amplified
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5 Time shifting
A time shifting is defined as:
here and represent the original signal and the shift in time,
respectively.
If , the signal to be right shifted or delayed
If , the signal to be left shifted or advanced
𝑥 (𝑡 )
Time delay by
𝑦 ( 𝑡 )=𝑥(𝑡 −𝑡 𝑜)
𝑥 (𝑡 ) 𝑦 ( 𝑡 )=𝑥 (𝑡 +𝑡 𝑜 )
Time advance by
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6 Time shifting: Example #1
Representation of time shifting: (a) original signal, (b) right shifted, and
(c) left shifted
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7 Time Scaling
A time scaling is defined as:
here and represent the original signal and the scaling
constant, respectively.
When , then is the time compressed version of , and
When , then is the time expanded version of .
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8 Time Scaling: Example #2
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9 Multiple Transformation
Multiple
transformation,
This can be done in steps
The sequence of steps
Amplitude scaling time scaling time shifting
The sequence is important, eg.
Amplitude scaling time shifting time scaling
Will not give the correct answer, i.e.
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10 Multiple Transformation: Example #3
) →− 2 𝑔 ( 𝑡+2
𝑔(𝑡 )
4
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11 Multiple Transformation (2)
The
previous method shows the step to solve , i.e. .
Another method is to write the transformation of the
signal as
In this form, the sequence will be
Amplitude scaling time shifting time scaling
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12 Exercise #1
Work out the signal transformation of
using the second technique.
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13 Time Reversal/ Folding
Performed by changing the sign of time base in the signal
The folding operation produces a signal which is a mirror image of
the original signal with respect to the time origin at .
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14 Addition/ Subtraction
The
operation follows as illustrated in 𝑥1 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑦 ( 𝑡 )
Figure below
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15 Example#4
Perform addition/subtraction of the following signals
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16 Solution Example #4
range
t>-1 -1<t<0 0<t<1 t>1
2 x1 0 2 1 0
x2 0 1 2 0
1 x1+x2 0 3 3 0
x1-x2 0 1 -1 0
-1 1
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
0
-1 1 -1 1
-1 1 -1
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17 Exercise #2
Perform addition of the following signals.
Hint:
build table for each time range where discontinuity happens
Write the mathematic function for each range in the table, eg. For , the
function between -1 and 0 is
Do addition/subtraction for each range
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18 Multiplication
The
operation is as illustrated in Figure 𝑥1 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑦 ( 𝑡 )
below.
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19 Exercise #3
Perform multiplication of the following signals
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20 Exercise #4
Perform multiplication of the following signals
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21 Differentiation
Mathematically
it can be express as
𝑥 (𝑡 ) 𝑦 (𝑡)
The operation is illustrated in Figure below. 𝑑 / 𝑑𝑡
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22
Important differentiation
Ramp signal,
Unit step,
Exponential,
Sinusoidal
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23 Integration
Mathematically it can be express as
Important integration
Unit impulse,
Exponential,
Sinusoidal
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24 Example #5
Write the signal using a single analytical expression with
aid of the unit step function,
𝑥 ( 𝑡 )
Solution:
-
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25 Example #6
Plot the function
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26 Example #7
Find for a given signal
𝑥 ( 𝑡 )
Solution:
-(1) Step 1 (time shifting) (2) Step 2 (time scaling)
𝑥 ( 𝑡 +3 ) x(2t+3)
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 t -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 t
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27 Example #8
Find for a given signal
Repeat for
𝑥 (𝑡 )
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28 Example #9
(a)
Write the signal using a single analytical expression
with aid of the unit step function,
(b) Find for a given signal
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29
Solutions
1 step: multiply
2 step: addition
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30 Example#10
Write
the signal using a single analytical expression with
aid of the unit step function,
Find + for the given signal
𝑥 ( 𝑡 )
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31 Example#11
Write the signal using a single analytical expression with
aid of the unit step function,
Plot
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32 Solution
(a)
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b)
Let’s
do it in steps
33 Step 1: Time-shifting
Step 2: Time-scaling
Step 3: Time-reversal
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34 Example#12
Write the signal x using a single analytical expression
with aid of the unit step function,
(a) (b)
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35 Example#13
Write the signal x using a single analytical expression
with aid of the unit step function,
(a) (b)
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36 Example#14
Let and
Sketch:-
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37 Classification of Signals
A signal can be classified into several cases
Whether the signal is continuous or discrete either in the time-
axis (x-axis) and value (y-axis).
Symmetry
Periodicity
Energy or Power signal
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38 Continuous and Discrete Signals
We can have four (4) classes
Continuous-time, continuous
value
Discrete-time, continuous
value
Continuous-time, discrete
value
Discrete-time, discrete value
A signal can also be
deterministic or random.
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39 Continuous-Time Signals
Continuous
time (CT) signals are signals of which its amplitude varies
continuously with time.
Common example is voltage and velocity.
Denote by , where the time interval may be bounded (finite) or infinite.
Amplitude value presents at all time during the interval
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40 Typical CT-signals
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41 Example #15: Continuous-Time
Sinusoids
g t Acos 2 t / T0 Acos 2 f0t Acos 0t
Amplitude Period Phase Shift Cyclic Radian
(s) (radians) Frequency Frequency
(Hz) (radians/s)
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42 Discrete-Time Signals
Discrete-time
(DT) signal, which has the amplitude of the signal
varies at every discrete value which is generally uniformly spaced.
Common example includes pixels, daily stock price (anything that a
computer processes)
Denote by , where is an integer value that varies discretely
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43 Example #16: Discrete – Time Signal
A discrete-time signal can have continuous value or can only assumed a
predetermined set of value.
A continuous time signal going through a sampling process will
produce a DT-Continuous value signal.
Quantisation of this DT-CV signal will the produce DT-Discrete value
signal
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44 Comparison of and
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45 Conversions Between Signal Types
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46 Analog Vs Digital
Analog corresponds to a continuous y-axis, while digital
corresponds to a discrete y-axis.
An easy example of a digital signal is a binary sequence
where the values of the function can only be one or zero.
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47 Symmetry: Even Symmetry
A
continuous-time signal is said to be EVEN symmetry, if it satisfies
the condition
(1.1)
An even signals are symmetric about the vertical axis.
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48 Symmetry: Odd symmetry
A
continuous-time signal is said to be ODD, if it satisfies the
condition
(1.2)
An odd signal is asymmetric about the vertical axis.
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49 Asymmetric signal
Since
, the cosinusoidal signals are EVEN signals and
since , the sinusoidal signals are ODD signals.
A continuous time signal , which is neither even nor odd
can be expressed as a sum of even and odd signal.
where
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50 Example #5
Given
an arbitrary signal, which is neither even or odd
function.
Determine the even and odd part of the signal.
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51 Example #18
Find the even and odd components of the signal below:
x(t)
x(t)
2
1 2
-2 2 -2 2
t t
A signal is given by , for . Find the even and odd -2
components of the signal using the definition of even and
odd signals.
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52 Integrals of Even and Odd Functions
a a a
g t dt 2 g t dt
a 0
g t dt 0
a
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53 Special Properties for Symmetry
Adding:
The sum of two even functions is EVEN
The sum of two odd functions is ODD
The sum of an even and odd function is neither even nor odd
(unless one function is zero).
Multiplying:
The product of two even functions is an EVEN FUNCTION
The product of two odd functions is an EVEN FUNCTION
The product of an even function and an odd function is an ODD
FUNCTION.
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54 Products of Even and Even Functions
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55 Products of Odd and Odd Functions
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56 Products of Even and Odd Functions
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57 Periodicity
Signal
can be classified based on its periodicity; periodic or
aperiodic signal.
A periodic signal will have a definite pattern that repeats again and
again over a certain period of time. Therefore, a signal that satisfies
the condition,
, where is the period,
is called a periodic signal.
A signal that DOES NOT satisfy the above condition is called a
non-periodic or aperiodic signal.
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58 Example: Periodic vs Aperiodic Signals
Periodic signals repeat with some period T, while aperiodic or non-periodic
signals do not. See figure above.
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59 Periodicity of Composite Signal
Composite
signal means a combination of two or more
signals,
Let consider the following signal
The signal consists of two CT periodic signal. Show this
signal is periodic signal and determine the period, .
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60 It has and
Also has individual period, of
and
To say the composite signal is a periodic signal it must satisfy this
relationship
Periodic testing:
In this example Ratio of rational number
Can be simplified to
So and . Therefore the overall period hence is rational.
The overall composite signal is a periodic signal with period .
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61 Energy and Power Signals
A
signal with finite signal energy is called an energy signal.
A signal with infinite signal energy and finite average signal
power is called a power signal.
The energy of a continuous time signal
The average power of a continuous time signal
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62 Energy and Power Signals
Given a simple electrical circuit
𝑥 (𝑡 ) 2
| |
Energy () – integrating instantaneous power over time,
i.e. area under the function. .
Power (ave), = integrating instantaneous power over
time, i.e. area under the function, divided by the period, .
.
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63 Exercise #6
Determine
whether the signals below are energy or
power signals.
x(t)
(a)
-½ 0 ½ t
(b)
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