Week 4 agenda
01
05
1 2 3 4 5
Sample review papers.
Assignment 1
student conferences
submissions
04
02
Assignment 2 guide Critical literature review-1
03
Abstract and Concept maps
Viva of the group members
Assignment 1 submission
Research components
• Conceptualization (90%)
– Two Lenses
[Link] (issues/method/sample)
[Link] thinking (Audience, message, data,
people, issue, ..)
• Students’ inputs?
Class activity
Abstracts
Sample Abstract
The shift from an industrial to knowledge economy implies
that people’s knowledge becomes the main source of
production. From an organization's view, it is the employees’
competence (human capital) that needs to be captured
through knowledge sharing behavior. The purpose of this
study is to close research gaps present in knowledge sharing
success by examining the linkages between employees’
knowledge-sharing through collaboration, perceived values of
involvement, trustworthiness and formal recognition. The
research data was collected by using simple random sampling
techniques from a population of knowledge workers in
Pakistani IT organizations. The results of factor analysis show
that new components are emerged. This study will be
beneficial for researchers, practitioners, scholars and
organizations (leaders and employees).
Sample Abstract
Based on previous research, a conceptual model is
developed for the study and hypotheses are
[Link] cross-sectional dataset comes from a
sample of 390 employees of 19 KIFs. Structural equation
modeling (SEM) techniques are applied to test the
proposed hypotheses. The results suggest that
collaborative HRM practices have a direct positive effect
on employees’ knowledge sharing behavior. Surprisingly,
we found that employees’ knowledge sharing behavior is
independent of reward systems and employees’
recognition. We further confirmed that Knowledge
sharing improves the personal development of
employees.
Sample Abstract
The aim of the present study was to find out
the relationship between the human resources
management practices and firm level
performance. The study conducted on 82
Indian firms indicates that there is a
significant relationship between the two
human resources practices, namely, training
and compensation, and perceived
organizational and market performance of the
firm.
Structure of an Abstract
An academic abstract typically outlines four
elements relevant to the completed work:
• The research focus (i.e. statement of the
problem(s)/research issue(s)
• The research methods used (experimental
research, case studies, questionnaires, etc.);
• The results/findings of the research
• The main conclusions/recommendations
significance of study
Topic, purpose, findings paper type, limitation,
audience
Class activity(last week)
RQ
What is not a RQ in a research
Business problem and research question
on separate sheet
Problem Research Questions
• students’ absents in 1. ?????
a class may influence
students’ grade and
consequently
negatively effect
students’ learning
2. ??????
Business problem and research question
on separate sheet
Problem Research Question
• Fast food consumptions 1. ?????
among young students
may influence their
health. Poor health may
positively influence
poor grades,
behavioural issue and
frustration.
Researchable
Make it researchable
• Your answer?
Suggested Answers
Concept Map
Concept Map
01
05 02
04 03
Concept Map
Concept Mapping
Two topic review( HRM and KM)
Meaningful concepts, in a sequence,
out of the scope, relevant
and minimum 10
Concept map( draft)
Students draw it on the board/note book
label this component
Critical, flow, academic, connectivity
Existing review of the literature
Literature review Guide
FLOW of the
ideas
Critical evaluation
APA , scholarly
articles, include
Academic Abstract,
language conclusion
15 readings min
What is Literature review
• Note: Background of your research is a form of literature
review but mostly focused on broad area
• literature, already published.
• A description of your topic area, supported by
references
• A summary, discussion and critical analysis of
research work related to your research
question
• Ideas about which approaches are likely to work, and
which are the best
• Justification for the approach that you are taking
The Role of Literature
Past Literature
When a research project is conducted the
relevant theory is supposed to use. This means
that relevant part of the knowledge must be
applied.
prime purpose of the literature
o frame the problem
o İdentify relevant concepts, methods, techniques
and facts
o Position the study (any study should add
something new
o A literature review should include evaluation and
critique of the literature.
• You must remain objective and unbiased in
your background/review the literature. You
need to report on what has been written
recently about your topic and position
yourself.
• Connecting words:
– While, however, consequently, recently, in
addition.
– Connecting words improve the flow of ideas
presented in your assignment/project.
Cont..
• A literature review allows the researcher to
say:
• The work of Authors A, B, and C has
discovered this much about my research
problem; the investigations of Mr. X and later
by MS. Z have subsequently added to
knowledge. I propose to go beyond their work
in the following manner.
Data Sources
• Text books
• Journals
• Theses
• Conference proceedings
• Unpublished material
• Reports
• Newspapers
• The Internet
Common Plagiarism
• Source not cited
– Change the authors name
– Direct quotations significant portion
– Potluck paper
– Self stealer
• Source cited
– Quotation marks, mis-representation,
Referencing
Why referencing
• To distinguish your ideas
• To reinforce your argument
• To show different perspectives
• To allow fact-checking
• To ensure the moral rights of the author
• To avoid plagiarism
Referencing
• Book
– Smith, J. D. (2009). Research ethics in New
Zealand: A student guide. Wellington, New
Zealand: Rata Press.
– In text citation: According to Smith (2009), direct
quotation Smith (2009, p. 22)
Cont..
• Journal Article
– Smith, J. D. (2009). Māori voices: Approaches to
bilingual research. Journal of Academic
Methodologies, 38(3), 17–28.
Database online search
Sample review
Polanyi (1958) was among the first to define tacit
knowledge as personal and unspoken embedded in
an individual. Tacit knowledge sharing activities
among individual employee’s involves the conversion
of their personal tacit knowledge to the organisation
thus adding value (Haldin-Herrgard, 2000).
Investment on sharing tacit knowledge activities can
improves organisational performance (Iqbal,
Toulson, & Tweed, 2010). Few researchers have
investigated employees’ knowledge sharing in
academic institutions (Sohail & Daud, 2009).
Literature review
Descriptive Critical
• State what happened • Highlight the significance
• State something like • Evaluate strengths and
weaknesses
• Provide a story of different • Weigh one piece of
components information with other
• State what a theory states • Argue why theory is
• State options relevant
• Provide logical reasoning
• Give information
• Position yourself
Cont..
• Excerpt from the uploaded document
• A literature review may be published as an independent
report or as part of a larger report. The purpose of both is to
provide information on current publications about a
particular topic.
• It helps to:
– 1) identify various important issues/questions raised in the
literature, and
– (2) sort and categorize experts’ views according to the
issues/questions identified in the literature.
Cont..
• Purpose: to update your audience/readers
• In this course, Assignment A2 will build your
skills in the following areas: critical reading,
evaluation, analysis, synthesis, report
organization, use and integration of sources,
and APA documentation.
• Synthesis means to put together, and occurs when two or
more things are combined to create something new --
whether it is a new idea, a new fabric, a new sound, or a new
piece of writing. Thus, for this assignment you will be
combining material from several texts to create a new text
Cont.
• You must remain objective and unbiased as
you review the literature. Remember, your
purpose is only to report on what has been
written recently about your topic.
• Connecting words:
– While, however, consequently, recently, in
addition.
– It will create a flow of ideas.
Customer switching in Pakistani Banks
• Customer switching is injurious for every bank.
• The diversity in banking sector of Pakistan could
make a positive or negative impact on banks
customers loyalty and switching.
• A study investigates the seven factors (Price,
Reputation, Service Quality, Effective Advertising
Competition, Involuntary Switching, Distance and
Switching Cost) of customer switching which effects
retail banking operations in Pakistan.
• Price and advertising competition identified as most
important and least important influential factors
respectively on customer switching.
Customers’ loyalty
• Customer loyalty always remains a prime
concern for business organization. Results
of one study indicate a positive
relationship among customer satisfaction,
customer relationship, image of the
product, trustworthiness and customer
loyalty.
Online shopping in New Zealand-Sample
Shergill, G. S., & Chen, Z. (2005). Web-based shopping: consumers’ attitudes towards online shopping in New
Zealand. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 6(2), 79-94.
A consumer’s trust in an Internet store can be thought as
the consumer’s trust directly in the store. Nevertheless,
Hoffman et al. [1999] ??? that the effectiveness of third-
party trust, certification bodies and the public key
encryption infrastructure for ensuring financial security, are
the central success factors for building consumer trust in
Internet shopping. ?? Kini and Choobineh [1998] ???? that
trust in the Internet business is necessary, but not
sufficient, for an Internet buying behaviour to take place.
The consumer must also trust the transaction medium for
online shopping.
Summary..cont
This review has suggested different factors which
influence online purchasers’ behavior. The
antecedents of online purchase include many
attitudinal components; for example, attitude
towards a website and perceived risk of an online
purchase. Consumers’ online shopping
experiences, website design and fulfilment of
quality expectations are considered as the major
components to successful online transactions.
The review also presented the fact that good
customer service led to customer satisfaction.
Customer switching-Sample
Critiquing
• How does this article/text/book information is
related to particular sector and organisation
• Could findings be generalised
• Information is updated.
• Any subsequent development
• Read limitations of that study
Assignment 2( review)
• Common mistakes in Review (Essay)
– No headings
– No bullets/lists
– No conclusion
– No recommendations
– APA referencing
– Flow of ideas
– Balanced paragraphs
– Avoid I/we,
– Provide title page with word count.
Critiquing
• How does this article/text/book information is
related to particular sector and organisation
• Could findings be generalised
• Information is updated.
• Any subsequent development
• Read limitations of that study
• You must remain unbiased in your
background/review the literature. You can
position your topic/area on what has been
written recently about your topic.
• Connecting words:
– While, however, consequently, recently, in
addition.
– It will create a flow of ideas.
Cont..
• A literature review allows the researcher to
say:
• The work of Authors A, B, and C has
discovered this much about my research
problem; the investigations of Mr. X and later
by MS. Z have subsequently added to
knowledge. I propose to go beyond their work
in the following manner.