Woldia University
Faculty of Technology
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Aerodynamics (MEng5311)
Dr Mesfin B.
Chapter Four
Inviscid, Compressible Flow
December 2019
Outline
• Introduction
• A Brief Review of Thermodynamics
• Definition of Compressibility
• Governing Equations for Inviscid, Compressible Flow
• Definition of Total (Stagnation) Conditions
• Some Aspects of Supersonic Flow: Shock Waves
• Isentropic One-Dimensional Flow
• One-Dimensional Flow: Weak Waves
• One-Dimensional Flow: Plane Normal Shock Waves
• Mach Waves
• Shock Waves
• Some Boundary-Layer Effects in Supersonic Flow
Introduction-Road map
Shock waves and related topics
A Brief Review of Thermodynamics
Perfect Gas
☺ A gas is a collection of particles (molecules, atoms,
ions, electrons, etc.) which are in more or less random
motion.
☺ Due to the electronic structure of these particles, a
force field pervades the space around them.
☺ The force field due to one particle reaches out and
interacts with neighboring particles, and vice versa.
Hence, these fields are called intermolecular forces.
☺ However, if the particles of the gas are far enough
apart, the influence of the intermolecular forces is
small and can be neglected. A gas in which the
intermolecular forces are neglected is defined as a
perfect gas. For a perfect gas, p, ρ, and T are related
through the following equation of state:
or
A Brief Review of Thermodynamics
Internal Energy and Enthalpy
☼ The energy of a given molecule is the sum of its
translational, rotational, vibrational, and electronic
energies.
☼ Now consider a finite volume of gas consisting of a
large number of molecules. The sum of the energies of
all the molecules in this volume is defined as the
internal energy of the gas.
☼ The internal energy per unit mass of gas is defined as
the specific internal energy, denoted by e. A related
quantity is the specific enthalpy, denoted by h and
defined as;
☼ For a perfect gas, both e and h are functions of
temperature only: &
☼ The differentials de and dh;
where cv and cp are the specific heats at constant
volume and constant pressure.
A Brief Review of Thermodynamics
• A perfect gas where the specific heat constants are
constant is called a calorically perfect gas; and,
• For a large number of practical compressible flow
problems, the temperatures are moderate, hence we
always treat the gas as calorically perfect; that is, we
assume that the specific heats are constant.
• However, for compressible flow problems where the
specific heats are not constant (such as the high-
temperature chemically reacting flow over a high-
speed atmospheric entry vehicle, that is, the
space shuttle).
For a specific gas, cp and cv are related through the
equation
A Brief Review of Thermodynamics
Example: Consider a room with a rectangular floor that
is 5 m by 7 m, and a 3.3 m high ceiling. The air
pressure and temperature in the room are 1 atm and
25 ◦C, respectively. Calculate the internal energy and
the enthalpy of the air in the room.
Solution:
A Brief Review of Thermodynamics
Example: 7.2
and 7.3
A Brief Review of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
The heat added and work done on the system cause a change in
energy, and since the system is stationary, this change in energy is
simply de:
1. Adiabatic process. One in which no heat is added to or taken
away from the
system
2. Reversible process. One in which no dissipative phenomena
occur, that is,
where the effects of viscosity, thermal conductivity, and mass
diffusion are
A Brief Review of Thermodynamics
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
☼ Energy conversion efficiency and
Reading
☼ Increment of entropy or disorder assignment
☼ Tds equations;
Compressibility
• All real substances are compressible to some greater
or lesser extent; that is, when you squeeze or press on
them, their density will change.
• The amount by which a substance can be compressed
is given by a specific property of the substance called
the compressibility. The pressure exerted on the sides of
the element is p. Assume the
pressure is now increased by an
infinitesimal amount dp. The volume
of the element will change
by a corresponding amount dv; here,
the volume will decrease; hence, dv.
• The compressibility τ of the fluid is
Compressibility
• If the temperature of the fluid element is held
constant (due to some heat transfer mechanism), then
τ is identified as the isothermal compressibility τT,
defined from Equation as;
• On the other hand, if no heat is added to or taken
away from the fluid element, and if friction is ignored,
the compression of the fluid element takes place
isentropically, and τS is identified as the isentropic
compressibility τS, defined from equation as;
Compressibility
• The role of the compressibility τ in determining the
properties of a fluid in motion is seen as follows.
Define v as the specific volume (i.e., the volume per
unit mass). Hence, v = 1/ρ. Substituting this
definition into Equation of compressibility shown
above, we obtain.
• Thus, whenever the fluid experiences a change in
pressure dp, the corresponding change in density dρ,
given by;
(a)
Compressibility
• Consider a fluid flow, say, for example, the flow over
an airfoil. If the fluid is a liquid, where the
compressibility τ is very small, then for a given
pressure change dp from one point to another in the
flow, equation (a) states that dρ will be negligibly
small. In turn, we can reasonably assume that ρ is
constant and that the flow of a liquid is
incompressible.
• On the other hand, if the fluid is a gas, where the
compressibility τ is large, then for a given pressure
change dp from one point to another in the flow,
Equation (a) states that dρ can be large. Thus, ρ is not
constant, and in general, the flow of a gas is a
compressible flow.
Compressibility
• The exception to this is the low-speed flow of a
gas; in such flows, the actual magnitude of the
pressure changes throughout the flow field is small
compared with the pressure itself. Thus, for a low-
speed flow, dp in Equation (a) is small, and even
though τ is large, the value of dρ can be dominated by
the small dp. In such cases, ρ can be assumed to be
constant, hence allowing us to analyze low-speed gas
flows as incompressible flows.
• To gage whether a gas flow can be considered
incompressible, or whether it must be treated as
compressible, is the Mach number M.
• when M > 0.3, the flow should be considered
compressible. Also, the speed of sound in a gas is
related to the isentropic compressibility.
Compressibility
d
For most practical problem 5% compressible
General speaking
Ma >0.3 → Compressible effect can not be ignored
Ma < 0.3 → Incompressible flow
Regimes of compressible flow
1. Subsonic flow
Streamline
deflected far
upstream of
the body
2. Transonic flow: the M∞ less than 1 , but high enough to produce
a pocket of locally supersonic slow
Regimes of compressible flow
If M is increased to slightly above 1 , the λ shock will move
to the trailing edge of the airfoil , and bow shock appears
upstream of the leading edge.
Loosely
Defined as
the “
Transonic
regime”
(Highly unstable)
Regimes of compressible flow
Supersonic Flow
M 1 T , p,
Everywhere
Behind the
(We will mostly shock
focus on this
regimes)
+ Parallel the free stream flow is not forewarned of presence of the
body until the shock is encountered
+ Both flow of upstream of the shock and downstream of the shock
are supersonic
+ Dramatic physical and mathematical difference between subsonic
and supersonic flows.
Regimes of compressible flow
Hypersonic Flow
T , p, High enough to excite the internal modes of
energy dissociate or even ionize the gas.
Real gas effect !!! Chemistry comes in
Regimes of compressible flow
Incompressible flow is a special case of subsonic flow limiting case
M 0
V 0 Trivial , no flow
V
M a
a
a , 0 For incompressibility
Viscous
Flow can be also be classified as Flows
inviscid
Viscous flow:
+ Dissipative effects : Viscosity, thermal conduction, mass diffusion….
+ Important in regions of large gradients of V, T and Ci
e.g. Boundary layer
Regimes of compressible flow
Inviscid flows: - ignore dissipative effects outside of B.L
Also consider the gas to be “ Continuum ”
Isentropic One-Dimensional Flow
Adiabatic Flow: Adiabatic (Q = 0), Frictional
Example:
Short
Insulated
Pipes
Isothermal Flow: Isothermal, Frictional
Example:
long
Insulated
Pipes
Isentropic One-Dimensional Flow
Definition:
Adiabatic process : q = 0
Reversible process : no frictional or dissipative effects
Isentropic Process : both adiabatic and reversible
Note: Though the flow can be isentropic the TEMPERATURE might change from point
to point!
Example: Venturi meter, Rocket propulsion
Isentropic One-Dimensional Flow
Governing Equations For Inviscid
Compressible Flow
For 3D, inviscid, compressible flow the governing equations are;
Definition Of Total (Stagnation) Conditions
• Static pressure is a measure of the purely random motion of
molecules in a gas; it is the pressure you feel when you ride along
with the gas at the local flow velocity.
• It is the pressure that would be measured by an instrument that is
static with respect to the fluid.
– Due to random motion of gas molecules
– Pressure we would feel if moving along with flow
– Strong function of altitude
• Total (or Stagnation) Pressure, p0 or pt
– Property associated with flow motion
– Total pressure at a given point in flow is the pressure that would exist if
flow were slowed down isentropically to zero velocity
1
p V12 p0 Total
2 pressure
Static Dynamic
pressure pressure
Definition Of Total (Stagnation) Conditions
One-Dimensional Flow: Weak Waves
(Continuity eqn for
steady 1-D flow)
P1 P2 P1 1u1 2u2
T1 T2 T1
Momentum equation
1 2 1
P1 1u1 P2 2u2
2 2
u1 u 2 u1
M1 1 M2 1
The variation
of area
A=A(x) is
gradual
One-Dimensional Flow: Weak Waves
1 2
a a da A sound wave, by definition,
p p dp ie: weak wave
d ( Implies that the irreversible,
T dissipative conduction are negligible)
T dT
Wave front
Continuity equation
a ( d )(a da) a ad da dda
da
a
d
One-Dimensional Flow: Weak Waves
Momentum equation
dp a 2 d
p a p dp ( d )( a da )
2 2
2a
a
d
dp 2ada a 2 d 1 dp a 2
da
a 2a d 2a
dp a 2 d d
da
2a dp
a2
d
No heat addition + reversible
a2 (
p p 2 v p General equation
)s v a ( )s
s s s valid for all gas
Isentropic compressibility
One-Dimensional Flow: Weak Waves
For a calorically prefect gas, the isentropic relation becomes
1
p c
p c
p p p
c .
r 1 1
s
p
a RT For prefect gas, not valid for chemically resting
gases or real gases
Ideal gas equation of state P RT
a a T
One-Dimensional Flow: Weak Waves
From kinetic theory
8 RT 3
C
8RT C 8 a C
1.35 4
a RT
a for air at standard sea level = 340.9 m/s = 1117 ft/s
V
Mach Number M
a
The physical meaning of M
M 1 Subsonic flow
2 Kinetic energy
M
M 1 Sonic flow
Internal energy
M 1 supersonic flow
V2 V2 V2 V2
V2 V2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
M 2
2
a RT ( 1) RT 1 R T 1 CvT ( 1) e
1 1
Normal shock relations
( A discontinuity across which the flow properties suddenly change)
The shock is a very thin region ,
Shock thickness ~ 0 (a few molecular mean free paths)
~ 10 5 cm for standard condition)
1u1 2u2
Ideal gas Calorically
1 2 Continuity E.O.S perfect
Known To be solved p1 1u1 p2 2u 2
2 2
P2 2 RT2 , h2 C pT2
Momentum
2 2
u u
h1 1 h2 2
2 2
adiabatic
Energy
Variable : 2 , u2 , p2 , h2 , T2 5 equations
Normal shock relations
*2 1
a u1u2 M2
*
*
M1
Prandtl relation
Note:
* *
M1 1 M1 1 M 2 1 M 2 1
[Link] number behind the normal shock is always subsonic
[Link] is a general result , not just limited to a calorically
perfect
gas
Some aspects of supersonic flow : shock waves
• A shock wave is an extremely thin region, typically on
the order of 10-5 cm across which the flow properties
can change drastically. The shock wave is usually at
an oblique angle to the flow, such as sketched in
however, there are many cases where we are
interested in a shock wave normal to the flow.
Laboratory practice
☺ Visualization of shock wave for different shapes and
Mach numbers;
☺The end!!