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INTRODUCTION

 Testing has a vital role in all the process of Product development:-

• Knowing Molecular Architecture,
• Physical Property
• Structure Property Relationship etc.

 Standard test methods and Test Data Uses:

• Communication between developers ,designers and end users.
• Reliability of the end products for manufacturers, suppliers and
end users
• Prove the concept of product design .
 Testing is an integral part of
• Research and Development
• Product Design
• Manufacturing

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 FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF TESTING

The performance of an end product is mainly depends on the

properties of the material, design characteristics and processing
conditions.

•Test data helps :-

• To determine the suitability of plastics for a particular application,

for quality control purposes or to obtain a better understanding of
there behaviour under various conditions
• The physical property data obtained by testing is required to
design the product development and failure analysis.
• The testing data are required for to promote the use of plastics.
• Testing feed back helps to aid improved design or quality
control procedures.
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 Quality Control Test :
Quality control datas are useful for finding suitability of a
material, design, and product quality. It carries out the
actual test, make use of test planning and test data
processing. The data processing helps In checking
reproducibility and accuracy of the test result.

Standard Method of Test:

Standard methods of tests are required for evaluation
• Basic plastics molecule from laboratory level to the resin &
the Product
• It helps product reliability.
• Liability registration,

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REASONS FOR TESTING
 To ensure
• Incoming raw material are acceptable and consistent quality.
• Product of intermediate stages of manufacture are of an
acceptable and consistent quality.
• End product of the overall process is of consistent and
acceptable quality.
 To evaluate
• New or competitive materials or modifications to a process.
 The fitness for purpose of a material, process or product.
 To obtain
• Early evidence of changes taking place in a process.

 To prove
• Design aspects.
• Quality control and Safety
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 TYPES OF TESTS

The following are the major types of test:-

 Analytical Test.

 Material Characterization Test.

 Material property test.

 Product test.

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 ANALYTICAL TEST

 Analytical tests are important for :-

• Quality control
• Development of new materials.
• Product designing.
• Process Optimization.
 Major analytical tests are :-
 Density and specific gravity test.
 Water absorption test.
 Moisture analysis.
 Sieve Analysis.
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 MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION TEST

 Material characterization tests are used for:-

• To identify the material
• To determine chemical composition
• To determine Structure
• To determine Flow Behaviour
 Major Characterization Tests are:-
• Melt Flow Test
• Viscosity Test
• Molecular Weight and Molecular Wt Distribution
• Thermal Properties (TGA, DSC, TMA)
• Spectroscopy
• Microscopy

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 MATERIAL PROPERTY TEST
 The property datas of the material are the major resource for
selection of material, process optimization and product and
mould design.
 The various properties of plastics materials are determined by
standard test methods, such as ASTM, ISO etc.,
• The most common material property tests are:-
• Mechanical properties.
• Thermal Properties.
• Electrical Properties.
• Optical Properties.
• Weathering Properties
• Chemical Properties
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 PRODUCT TEST
 Testing of plastics product is important for predicting product
performance.
 This test can be carried out from test specimen prepared by
machining the products or the whole product.
 Non Destructive Test

• Preferable where the product is very expensive and which

cannot be destruct.
• Ultrasonic and Radiography methods are Advanced NDT

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 STANDARD AND SPECIFICATION

Standard and specification helps to develop common language for

developers, designers, fabricators, purchasers and suppliers, End
users.
Standard:- A technical document based on consolidated results of
science, technology and experience approved by a standardizing
body for the benefits of the people.

Standardization:- It is the activity giving solutions for repetitive

applications to problems, essentially in the sphere of science,
technology and economics aimed at the achievement of the
optimum degree of order in a given contest.

Technical specification:- A document which lays down

characteristics of a product or a service such as levels of quality
performance, safety or dimensions
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 TYPES OF STANDARDS

•Basic standard :- It contains general provisions for one particular

field.

•Terminology standard:- It is concerned with terms, definitions,

explanatory notes, illustrations, examples, etc.

•Testing standards:- A standard concerned exclusively with test

methods, supplemented with other provisions related to testing
such as sampling, statistical methods and sequence of testing.

•Product standard:- A standard specifying some or all the

requirements to be met by a product.

•Safety standard:- A standard aimed at the safety of the people and

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 BODIES OR ORGANIZATION – FORMULATING STANDARDS

International Organization:-
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO):-
In plastics field the principle body producing standard is ISO.

•International Electrochemical Commission (IEC):- In electrical

field IEC producing standards.

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 NATIONAL ORGANIZATION

• British Standard Institution (BSI):- BSI was formed in 1901, producing standards in
all fields.

• American National Standard Institute (ANSI):

ANSI is the premier standardization body in USA.

• American Society for Testing & Materials (ASTM)

ASTM is a Scientific & Technical Organization formed for the development of
standards on charecteristics and performance of materials, products, systems and
services and promotion of related knowledge.

• Deutsche Institute Fur Normung (DIN):-

The German standard organization was formed in 1917 producing standards in all the
fields in German language which published in English, French and Spanish also.

• Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS):-

BIS is engaged in developing national standards and their revision/review from time
to time.

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 AIMS OF STANDARDIZATION

Aims of standardization in general :-

• To achieve maximum overall economy in terms of Cost.

• To ensure maximum convenience in use – simplification,

rationalization, interchangeability of parts, increased
productivity, elimination of unnecessary waste and shortening
of inventories.

• To adopt the best possible solution to recurring problems by

use of scientific knowledge and technological developments.

• Standardization of sampling procedures, test methods, grading

schemes and quality specification.
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 BENEFITS OF STANDARDIZATION
For Technologists:
• In accepted methods of materials,
• Expediting designs,
• Improvement in products and process,
• Increased knowledge of properties,
• Guidance for formulation and
• Research and Development.
For Producers:
• Rationalization of processes of manufacture,
• Improved control over processes, materials and labour,
• Elimination of waste,
• Efforts of higher rate of production, etc.

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 For Consumers-

• Assurance of quality goods and services

• better value for money spent and
• convenient method for settling
• Disputes with suppliers.

 For Traders-

• Minimization of delays,
• Acceptance/rejection of goods and for dealing with
consequential basis.

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 QUALITY & STANDARDIZATION

• Quality is “ the totality of features & characteristics of a product

or service that bear on its ability to satisfy a given need in an
economical manner.”

• The objective of standardization is to ensure maximum

convenience in use by simplification, rationalization and
interchangeability of parts, increased productivity, elimination of
waste, shortening of inventories, etc.

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