TOPIC 5:

DATA RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
 Foundation:

What it Data?
 A vital organizational Assets and should be managed
like other important business assets.
 Data Resource Management
 A managerial activity that applies information
systems technologies like database management,
data warehousing and other data management tools.
 For managing an organization’s data resources to
meet the information needs of their business
stakeholders.

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Logical Data Elements

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Logical Data Elements
 Character
 A single alphabetic, numeric, or other symbol
 Field or data item
 Represents an attribute (characteristic or quality)
of some entity (object, person, place, event) Example:
salary, job title
 Record
 Grouping of all the fields used to describe the attributes
of an entity. Example: payroll record with name, SSN,
pay rate
 File or table
 A group of related records
 Database
 An integrated collection of logically related data elements

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Electric Utility Database

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 Database Structures

 Common database structures…

 Hierarchical
 Network
 Relational
 Object-oriented
 Multi-dimensional

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Hierarchical Structure

 Early DBMS structure

 Records arranged in tree-like structure
 Relationships are one-to-many
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 Network Structure

 Used in some mainframe DBMS packages

 Many-to-many relationships

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Relational Structure

 Most widely used structure

 Data elements are stored in tables
 Row represents a record; column is a field
 Can relate data in one file with data in another,
if both files share a common data element

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 Multidimensional Structure

 Variationof relational model

 Uses multidimensional structures to
organize data
 Data elements are viewed as being in cubes
 Popular for analytical databases that support
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

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Multidimensional Model

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 Object-Oriented Structure

 An object consists of
 Datavalues describing the attributes of an entity
 Operations that can be performed on the data

 Encapsulation
 Combine data and operations, handle complex types
of data (graphics, pictures, voice, and text) more
easily than other database structures.
 Inheritance
 New objects can be created by replicating some or all
of the characteristics of parent objects

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Object-Oriented Structure

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 Object-Oriented Structure

 Used in object-oriented database management

systems (OODBMS)
 Supports complex data types more efficiently
than relational databases
 Example: graphic images, video clips,
web pages

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Evaluation of Database Structures
 Hierarchical
 Works for structured, routine transactions
 Can’t handle many-to-many relationship
 Network
 More flexible than hierarchical
 Unable to handle ad hoc requests
 Relational
 Easily responds to ad hoc requests
 Easier to work with and maintain
 Not as efficient/quick as hierarchical or network
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 Database Development

 Database Administrator (DBA)

 In charge of enterprise database development
 Improves the integrity and security of organizational
databases
 Uses Data Definition Language (DDL) to develop
and specify data contents, relationships, and
structure
 Stores these specifications in a data dictionary or a
metadata repository

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Data Dictionary
 A data dictionary
 Contains data about data (metadata)
 Relies on specialized software component to
manage a database of data definitions
 It contains information on..
 The names and descriptions of all types of
data records and their interrelationships
 Requirements for end users’ access and use
of application programs
 Database maintenance
 Security
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Database Development

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Data Planning Process
 Database development is a top-down process
 Develop an enterprise model that defines
the basic business process of the
enterprise
 Define the information needs of end users
in a business process
 Identify the key data elements that are
needed to perform specific business
activities (entity relationship diagrams)

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Database Design Process
 Data relationships are represented in a data
model that supports a business process
 This model is the schema or subschema on
which to base…
 The physical design of the database
 The development of application programs to support
business processes
 Logical Design
 Schema - overall logical view of relationships
 Subschema - logical view for specific end users
 Data models for DBMS
 Physical Design
 How data are to be physically stored and accessed
on storage devices
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Logical and Physical Database
Views

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Data Resource Management
 Data resource management is a managerial activity
 Uses data management, data warehousing,
and other IS technologies
 Manages data resources to meet the information
needs of business stakeholders
 Data stewards
 Dedicated to establishing and maintaining the
quality of data
 Need business, technology, and diplomatic skills
 Focus on data content
 Judgment is a big part of the job

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Types of Databases

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Distributed Databases
 Distributed databases are copies or parts of
databases stored on servers at multiple
locations
 Improves database performance at worksites
 Advantages
 Protection of valuable data
 Data can be distributed into smaller
databases
 Each location has control of its local data
 All locations can access any data, any where

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Distributed Databases
 Distributed databases are copies or parts of databases
stored on Disadvantages
 Maintaining data accuracy
 Replication
 Look at each distributed database and find changes
 Apply changes to each distributed database
 Very complex, consume a lot of time and computer
resources.
 Duplication
 One database is master
 Duplicate the master after hours, in all locations
 Easier to accomplish

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Operational Databases

 Stores detailed data needed to support

business processes and operations
 Also called subject area databases (SADB),
transaction databases, and production
databases
 Database examples: customer, human
resource, inventory

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Operational Databases

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External Databases

 Databases available for a fee from commercial

online services, or free from the Web
 Example: hypermedia databases, statistical
databases, bibliographic and full text
databases
 Search engines like Google or Yahoo are
external databases

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 Hypermedia Databases

 A hypermedia database contains

 Hyperlinked pages of multimedia
 Interrelated hypermedia page elements,
rather than interrelated data records

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Components of Web-Based System

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Data Warehouses
 Storesstatic data that has been extracted from
other databases in an organization
 Central source of data that has been cleaned,
transformed, and cataloged
 Data is used for data mining, analytical processing,
analysis, research, decision support
 Data warehouses may be divided into data
marts
 Subsets of data that focus on specific aspects
of a company (department or business process)

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Applications and Data Marts

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 Data Mining

 Data in data warehouses are analyzed to reveal

hidden patterns and trends
 Market-basket analysis to identify new
product bundles
 Find root cause of qualify or manufacturing
problems
 Prevent customer attrition
 Acquire new customers
 Cross-sell to existing customers
 Profile customers with more accuracy
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Data Mining

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Traditional File Processing
 Data are organized, stored, and processed in
independent files
 Each business application designed to use
specialized data files containing specific
types of data records
 Problems
 Data redundancy
 Lack of data integration
 Data dependence (files, storage devices,
software)
 Lack of data integrity or standardization
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Traditional File Processing

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Database Management Approach
 The foundation of modern methods of
managing organizational data
 Consolidates data records formerly in
separate files into databases
 Data can be accessed by many different
application programs
 A database management system (DBMS) is
the software interface between users and
databases

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Database Management Approach

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Database Management System
 In mainframe and server computer systems, a
software package that is used to…
 Create new databases and database
applications
 Maintain the quality of the data in an
organization’s databases
 Use the databases of an organization to
provide the information needed by end users

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Common DBMS Software Components
 Database definition
 Language and graphical tools to define
entities, relationships, integrity constraints,
and authorization rights
 Nonprocedural access
 Language and graphical tools to access data
without complicated coding
 Application development
 Graphical tools to develop menus, data entry
forms, and reports

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Common DBMS Software Components
 Procedural
language interface
 Language that combines nonprocedural
access with full capabilities of a
programming language
 Transaction processing
 Control mechanism prevents interference
from simultaneous users and recovers lost
data after a failure
 Database tuning
 Tools to monitor, improve database
performance
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Functions Database Management System
 Database Development
 Defining and organizing the content,
relationships, and structure of the data
needed to build a database
 Database Application Development
 Using DBMS to create prototypes of queries,
forms, reports, Web pages
 Database Maintenance
 Using transaction processing systems and
other tools to add, delete, update, and
correct data
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DBMS Major Functions

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 Database Interrogation

 Endusers use a DBMS query feature or report

generator
 Response is video display or printed report
 No programming is required
 Query language
 Immediate response to ad hoc data requests
 Report generator
 Quickly specify a format for information you
want to present as a report
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 Database Interrogation
 SQL Queries
 Structured,international standard query language
found in many DBMS packages
 Query form is SELECT…FROM…WHERE…

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 Database Interrogation
 Graphical and Natural Queries
 It is difficult to correctly phrase SQL and other
database language search queries
 Most DBMS packages offer easier-to-use,
point-and-click methods
 Translates queries into SQL commands
 Natural language query statements are similar

to conversational English

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Graphical Query Wizard

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Database Maintenance

 Accomplished by transaction processing

systems and other applications, with the
support of the DBMS
 Done to reflect new business transactions
and other events
 Updating and correcting data, such as
customer addresses

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 Application Development

 Use DBMS software development tools to

develop custom application programs
 Not necessary to develop detailed data-
handling procedures using conventional
programming languages
 Can include data manipulation language
(DML) statements that call on the DBMS to
perform necessary data handling

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