16.

711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

Last lecture
• Geometric optic view of waveguide, numeric aperture
• Symmetric planar dielectric Slab waveguide
• Modal and waveguide dispersion in palnar waveguide
• Rectangular waveguide, effective index method
 16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

Today
• Fiber modes
• Fiber Losses
• Dispersion in single-mode fibers
• Dispersion induced limitations
• Dispersion management
• The Graded index fibers
 16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

Fiber modes --- single mode and multi-mode fibers

V-number
2a 2 2a 2
V (n1  n22 )1/ 2 , Vcutoff  (n1  n22 )1/ 2  2.41,
 c
Number of modes when V>>2.41
V2
M ,
2
Normalized propagation constant
2
neff  n22
b , b  (1.1428  0.996 / V ) 2 , for V between 1.5 – 2.5.
n12  n22

Mode field diameter (MFD)

1
2 w  2a (1  ),
V
 16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

Examples --- single mode and multi-mode fibers

1. Calculate the number of allowed modes in a multimode step index fiber, a = 100 m, core
index of 1.468 and a cladding index of 1.447 at the wavelength of 850nm.

Solution:

2a 2 V2
V (n1  n22 )1/ 2  91.44, M  4181,
 2

2. What should be the core radius of a single mode fiber that has the core index of 1.468 and the
cladding index of 1.447 at the wavelength of 1.3m.
Solution:
2a 2
V (n1  n22 )1/ 2  2.4, a < 2.1m

3. Calculate the mode field diameter of a single mode fiber that has the core index of 1.458 and
the cladding index of 1.452 at the wavelength of 1.3m.
Solution:

2w0  2a(1  1 / V )  10.1m,

 16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

Fiber loss
• Material absorption
silica electron resonance <0.4m
OH vibrational resonance ~ 2.73 m
Harmonic and combination tones ~1.39 m
1.24 m, 0.95 m
• Rayleigh scattering
Local microscopic fluctuations in density
C
  C~, 0.8dB/km m4
4
0.14dB loss @ 1.55m

• Bending loss and Bending radius

a
 exp( R / Rc ), Rc  ,
n12  n23
 16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

Dispersions in single mode fiber

• Material dispersion
d L  g d  d 2n
vg  | 0 ,  g  ,  ( )  ( 2 ) ,
d vg L d c d

 d 2n
Dm  ( 2 ),  g  Dm L ,
c d

Example --- material dispersion

Calculate the material dispersion effect for LED with line width of 100nm and a laser with a line
width of 2nm for a fiber with dispersion coefficient of Dm = 22pskm-1nm-1 at 1310nm.

Solution:

  Dm L  2.2ns, for the LED

  Dm L  44 ps, for the Laser

 16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

Dispersions in single mode fiber

• Waveguide dispersion
d L  g d n2 (n1  n2 ) d 2 (Vb)
vg  | 0 ,  g  ,  ( )   V ,
d vg L d c dV 2

 g d 1.984 N g 2 n2 (n1  n2 ) d 2 (Vb)

 ( )  , Dw   V ,  g  Dm L ,
L d (2a) 2 2cn22 c dV 2

Example --- waveguide dispersion

n2 = 1.48, and delta n = 0.2 percent. Calculate Dw at 1310nm.

Solution:

b  (1.1428  0.996 / V ) 2 , for V between 1.5 – 2.5.

d 2 (Vb)
V  0.26,
dV 2

n2 (n1  n2 ) d 2 (Vb)
Dw   V  1.9 ps /( nm  km),
c dV 2
 16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

• chromatic dispersion (material plus waveduide dispersion)

 g
 ( Dm  Dw ) ,
L

• material dispersion is determined by

the material composition of a fiber.

• waveguide dispersion is determined

by the waveguide index profile of a
fiber
 16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

• Polarization mode dispersion

 g
 D p  ,
L
• fiber is not perfectly symmetric,
inhomogeneous.
• refractive index is not isotropic.

• dispersion flattened fibers:

Use waveguide geometry and
index profiles to compensate
the material dispersion
 16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

• Dispersion induced limitations

• For RZ bit With no intersymbol interference

1
B ,
2 1/ 2

• For NRZ bit With no intersymbol interference

1
B ,
 1/ 2
 16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

Dispersion induced limitations

• Optical and Electrical Bandwidth

1
B , f 3dB  0.7 B,
2 1/ 2
• Bandwidth length product
0.25
BL  ,
D
 16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

Dispersion induced limitations

Example --- bit rate and bandwidth
Calculate the bandwidth and length product for an optical fiber with chromatic dispersion
coefficient 8pskm-1nm-1 and optical bandwidth for 10km of this kind of fiber and linewidth of
2nm.
Solution:
0.25
 1/ 2 / L  D  16 pskm 1 , BL   36.9Gbs 1km,
D
f 3dB  0.7 B  2.8GHz,

• Fiber limiting factor absorption or dispersion?

Loss  0.25dB 10km  2.5dB,

 16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

Dispersion Management
• Pre compensation schemes
1. Prechirp
Gaussian Pulse:
1 t ~  2T02 1
A(0, t )  A0 exp[ ( ) 2 ], A(0,  )  A0 (2T0 ) exp(
2 1/ 2
),  0  ,
2 T0 2 T0
dk 1 d 2k
k ( )  k 0  | (   0 )  | ...,
d 0 2 d 2 0

k ( ) d d 2 1
 ( )   0  | 0 (   0 )  |
2 0
...   0   1    2 ( ) 2  ...,
c d d 2
~ ~ i
A( z ,  )  A(0,  ) exp(  2 z ),
2
1  ~ i A0 1
2 
A( z , t )  A ( 0,  0 ) exp(  2 z  ) d  exp[  2
],
2 Q( z ) 2T0 Q ( z )

i 2 z  2 z 2 1/ 2
Q( z )  1  , T ( z )  [1  ( ) ] T0 ,
T02 T02
 16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

Dispersion Management
• Pre compensation schemes
1. Prechirp
Prechirped Gaussian Pulse:
~ 2T02 1/ 2  2T02 (1  iC ) t 2
A(0,  )  A0 ( ) exp( ), A(0, t )  A0 exp[ ( ) ],
1  iC 2(1  iC ) 2 T0
~ ~ i 2T02 1/ 2  2T02 2 iCT0   2
2
A( z,  )  A(0,  ) exp(  2 z )  A0 (
2
) exp[   ],
2 1  iC 2(1  C 2 ) (1  C 2 )
1
 0  (1  C 2 )1/ 2 ,
T0

1  ~ i A0 1
A( z , t ) 
2  A ( 0,  0 ) exp(
2
 2 z  ) d  
Q( z )
exp[ 
2T0
2
Q ( z )
],

(C  i )  2 z C 2 z 2  2 z 2 1 / 2
Q( z )  1  2
, T ( z )  [(1  2
)  ( 2 ) ] T0 ,
T0 T0 T0
 16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

Dispersion Management
1. Prechirp

With T1/T0 = sqrt(2), the transmission distance is:

C  1  2C 2 LD  T02 /  2 ,
L LD ,
1 C 2
 16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

Dispersion Management
Examples:
1. What’s the dispersion limited transmission distance for a 1.55m light wave system making
use of direct modulation at 10Gb/s? D = 17ps(km-nm). Assume that frequency chirping
broadens the guassian-shape by a factor of 6 from its transform limited width.
Solution:

1
TFWHM   5  10 11 ( s ), T0  TFWHM / 1.66  3  10 11 s,
2B
1
 0  (1  C 2 )1/ 2 , C  5.9,
T0
2c
D   2  2 ,  2  24 ps / km,
2


C 2 z 2  2 z 2 1 / 2
T ( z )  [(1  2
)  ( 2 ) ] T0  T0 ,
T0 T0

z  12km,
 16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

Dispersion compensation fiber or dispersion shifted fiber

• Why dispersion compensation fiber:

• for long haul fiber optic communication.
• All–optical solution

D1 L1  D2 L2  0

• Approaches
 d 2n
Dm  ( 2 ),
c d
• longer wavelength has
a larger index.

make the waveguide

weakly guided so that
longer wavelength has a
lower index.
 16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

The Graded index fibers

n1[1  (  / a ) ];   a,
n(  )  
 n1(1   )  n2 ;   a,

d 2  1 dn
 ,
dz 2
n d
D1 L1  D2 L2  0
   0 cos( pz )   0 ' sin( pz ),
• Approaches
p  (2 / a 2 )1/ 2 , z  2 / p,
Only valid for paraxial approximation
General case Intermode dispersion
n1
 L 2 ,
20 3c
Calculate the BL product of a grade index filber of 50m core with refractive index of n1 =
1.480 and n2 = 1.460. At 1.3 m.
Solution:
n1 0.25 L
 L 2  0.026ns, BL   9.6Gbs 1km,
20 3c 