BEGINNER TO EXPERT GUARANTEED

CompTIA Network+ COURSE

 CompTIA Network+ Syllabus

1. CompTIA N+ Scope, Salary & Certification 11. TCP & UDP with Protocols & Ports
2. What is Network & Networking 12. IP Address Fully Explained
3. Types of Networks Explained 13. Subnetting Fully Explained
4. Types of Topologies in Network 14. Networking Services (DNS, DHCP like)
5. Types of Networking Devices 15. Routing Protocols Explained
6. Types of Connectors, Ports & Wires 16. WAN Technology Fully Explained
7. Wireless, Wires & Cables Standard 17. Remote Protocols & Services
8. Threats & Shields of a Network 18. Networking Tools & Safety
9. OSI Model Fully Explained 19. Network Threats & Attacks
10. TCP/IP Model Fully Explained 20. All about Network Security
 CompTIA Network+ Syllabus

21. All About Cloud Concepts

22. All About IoT Concepts
23. Configuring a Switch (All Knowledge)
24. VLAN explained
25. User authentication
26. Network Policies
27. Everything about Virtualization
28. Everything about SOHO
29. Networking Tools & Safety
30. Networking Issues & Troubleshooting
1. CompTIA N+ Scope, Salary & Certification
 What Is CompTIA Network+ Certification?
CompTIA Network+ is the only industry certification that covers both wired and wireless networks.
CompTIA’s Network+ validates the knowledge and skills needed to troubleshoot, configure and manage
wired and wireless networks found in companies around the world. CompTIA Network+ certifies a
professional-level understanding of emerging technologies, including cloud and virtualization technologies.

The certifications offered by CompTIA, such as A+, Network+, and Security+, cover most aspects of IT and
prove to employers that you have the background to be considered for an IT job.

It also sets you up for success with Cisco’s Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification training,
Juniper’s Juniper Networks Certified Associate – Junos (JNCA-Junos) certification, and more. You will have
to take an exam that will have up to 90 questions and get a minimum score of 720 out of 900. The
certification exam must be completed in 90 minutes. It will consist of a mix of performance-based
(simulations) and multiple-choice questions. The exam is challenging but not so difficult that it can’t be
attained by most people.
 CompTIA A+ Certification jobs
CompTIA Network+ is for professionals with the recommended prerequisite
of CompTIA Network+ certification and nine months of networking
experience looking develop their networking careers. CompTIA Network+
prepares candidates for the following job roles:

Network administrator
Network field technician
Junior network administrator
IT consultant
Network field engineer
Computer technician
Help desk technician
System engineer
Network support specialist
Network analyst
WHY THIS COURSE?
 Better Future Ahead
 Great Opportunities

 Demanding Skill

 Network Admininstrator

 First Step to Security

 Medium Salary Packages

2. What is Network & Networking
WHAT IS
NETWORK ?
 A network consists of two or more computers that
are linked in order to share resources (such as
printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow
electronic communications.

 The computers on a network may be linked

through cables, telephone lines, radio waves,
satellites, or infrared light beams.
 What is Networking ?
Networking, also known as computer
networking, is the practice of transporting
and exchanging data between nodes over a
shared medium in an information system.
Networking comprises not only the design,
construction and use of a network, but also
the management, maintenance and
operation of the network infrastructure,
software and policies.
Peer to Peer Model
Client-Server Model
3. Network with types
BASIC TYPES OF NETWORKS

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

2. Personal Area Network (PAN)
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
4. Wide Area Network (WAN)
5. Campus Area Network (CAN)
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among
computer devices, usually within an office building or home.
 LAN’s enable the sharing of resources such as files or
hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users • •
Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters,
and no more than a mile
 Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps
 Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting
to each device
 Has lower cost compared to MAN’s or WAN’s
 LAN’s can be either wired or wireless. Twisted pair, coax or fibre
optic cable can be used in wired LAN’s.
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
 A PAN is a network that is used for communicating among
computer devices, usually home.
 PAN’s enable the sharing of resources such as files or
hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users • •
Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters
 Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps
 Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting
to each device
 Has lower cost compared to MAN’s or WAN’s
 LAN’s can be either wired or wireless. Twisted pair, coax or fibre
optic cable can be used in wired LAN’s.
 Campus Area Network (CAN)

 A campus area network (CAN) is a network of multiple

interconnected local area networks (LAN) in a limited
geographical area. A CAN is smaller than a wide area network
(WAN) or metropolitan area network (MAN).

 A CAN is also known as a corporate area network (CAN).

 CAN benefits are as follows:

Cost-effective
Wireless, versus cable
Multidepartmental network access
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network
that usually spans a city or a large campus.
 A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN,
ranging
from several blocks of buildings to entire cities.
 A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization,
but it usually will be used by many individuals and organizations.
 A MAN often acts as a high speed network to allow sharing of
regional
resources.
 A MAN typically covers an area of between 5 and 50 km
diameter.
 Examples of MAN: Telephone company network that provides a
high
speed DSL to customers and cable TV network.
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 WAN covers a large geographic area such as country, continent or
even whole of the world.
 A WAN is two or more LANs connected together. The LANs can
be many miles apart.
 To cover great distances, WANs may transmit data over leased
high-speed phone lines or wireless links such as satellites.
 Multiple LANs can be connected together using devices such
as bridges, routers, or gateways, which enable them to share
data.
 The world's most popular WAN is the Internet.
4. Types of Topologies in Network
TOPOLOG
Y
• Topology refers to the layout of connected devices on a network.
• Here, some logical layout of topology.

• Mesh
• Star
• Ring
• Line
• Bus
• Tree
• Hybrid
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
MESH TOPOLOGY
• Here every device has a point to point link to every other device.

Advantages:
• They use dedicated links so each link can only carry its own data load. So traffic problem can be
avoided.

• It is robust. If any one link get damaged it cannot affect others.

 It gives privacy and security.

• Fault identification and fault isolation are easy.

Mesh Topology
STAR TOPOLOGY
• Here each device has a dedicated point-to-point link to the central controller
called “Hub”(Act as a Exchange).
• There is no direct traffic between devices.
• The transmission are occurred only through the central “hub”.
• When device 1 wants to send data to device 2; First sends the data to hub.
Which then relays the data to the other connected device.
Star Topology
BUS TOPOLOGY
• A bus topology is multipoint.
• Here one long cable act as a backbone to link all the devices are
connected to the backbone by drop lines and taps.
• Drop line- is the connection b/w the devices and the cable.
• Tap- is the splitter that cut the main link.
• This allows only one device to transmit at a time.
BUS TOPOLOGY
RING TOPOLOGY
• Here each device has a dedicated connection with two devices on either
side.
• The signal is passed in one direction from device to device until it
reaches the destination and each device have repeater.
• When one device received signals instead of intended another device, its
repeater then regenerates the data and passes them along.
• To add or delete a device requires changing only two connections.
RING TOPOLOGY
TREE TOPOLOGY
• Alternatively referred to as a star bus topology.

• Tree topology is one of the most common network setups that is

similar to a bus topology and a star topology.

• A tree topology connects multiple star networks to other star

networks. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on
a network using the star topology.
TREE TOPOLOGY
HYBRID TOPOLOGY
• A network which contain all type of physical structure and
connected under a single backbone channel.
 Considerations for choosing topology
• Money- Bus n/w may be the least expensive way to install a n/w.

• Length- of cable needed- the linear bus n/w uses shorter lengths of
cable.

• Future growth- with star topology, expending is easily done by adding another

• Cable type- most common used cable in commercial organization is twisted

pair. Which often used with star topologies.
5. Types of Networking Devices
 INTRODUCT
ION
• To connect LANs, connecting devices are needed and
various connecting devices are such as bridge, switch,
router, hub, repeater.
• Types [Link]
NIC Card Devices :-
2. Repeater
3. Hub
4. Bridge
5. Switch
6. Gateway
7. Router
8. Modem
NETWORK
CARD
It stands for Network Interface Controller. NIC used to connect the ethernet
cable (RJ-45 Connector) with the PC. It is a Card which have Mac Address
written on it.

Components of NIC :-

1. Metal Expansion Card

2. Boot ROM Chip
3. 32 bit PCI Controller
4. Activity LED
5. RJ-45 LAN Port
A NIC connecting a LAN
REPEA
TERS
Repeater used to regenerate or replicate a signal. It removes the unwanted noise in an incoming signal, it works on
Layer 1 of OSI Model

It is used in some scaled area and it refine the signals and

manage the proper speed of the network
REPEATER CONNECTING TWO
SEGMENTS OF A LAN
 HUB
It is a Networking Device which simply receive data from one port and transfer on all the other ports.
HUBs are commonly used to connect segments of LAN. Hub Works on Physical layer of OSI Moodel

It used in where you have to create

multiple ethernet with the help of a
nnetworking device. It comes with
different port segment like 6,12 &
24
A HUB connecting LAN
 Bridg
e
Bridge Devices inspect incoming network traffic and determine whether to forward or discard it according to its
intended destination it operates on data link layer

A bridge is a type of computer

network device that provides interconnection
with other bridge networks that use the same
protocol.  
 A bridge connecting two LANs

A bridge does not change the physical (MAC) addresses in a frame.

FUNCTION OF
BRIDGE
 Switc
h
A Switch can recieve input or signal from any of one port and transmit it on all the ports. Ethernet LAN is used to
connect to a switch that correct system. It works on Data link layer of OSI Model

It is a small device that transfers data packets

between multiple network devices such as
computers, routers, servers or other switches
A switch connecting a LAN
 Gatew
ay
Gateway Connects two networks together with the help of gateway devices like firewire & router. It is a node
between the public network and private network which makes some security with the help of identification

A gateway is a networking device that

connects two networks using different
protocols together. it also acts as a “gate”
between two networks.
A Gateway connecting a LAN
 Router
Router is a networking device which is used to provide interaction between two different networks. Router are
also used for provide the routes to the data and devices that are connected in network. Router are used to establish
internetwork communication

A router inspects a given data packet's

destination Internet Protocol address (IP
address), and provide connection to the
nodes with the main network. It gives you
wired and wireless both connectivities.
A Router connecting a LAN
 MODEM
”Modulator-Demodulator” A modem or broadband modem is a hardware device that connects a computer or
router to a broadband network. It converts or "modulates" an analog signal from a telephone or cable wire to 
digital data (1s and 0s) that a computer can recognize.

The main difference between the two

devices is that a modem lets you connect to
the internet, while a router distributes that
connection to different devices. A modem is
your gateway to the web, while a router is a
central hub for your devices.
A Modem connecting a LAN
6. Types of Connectors, Ports & Wires
WHAT IS TRANMISSION
MEDIA ?
In data communication,

• Transmission media is a pathway that carries the information

from sender to receiver.

• We use different types of cables or waves to transmit data.

• Data is transmitted normally through electrical or

electromagnetic signals.
DESCRIPTION
• Transmission media are located below the physical layer

• Computers use signals to represent data.

• Signals are transmitted in form of electromagnetic energy.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSMISSION
MEDIA
 TWISTED-PAIR
CABLE
 A twisted pair consists of two conductors

 Basically copper based

 With its own plastic insulation, twisted together.

TWISTED PAIR DESCRIPTION
• One wire use to carry signals to the receiver

• Second wire used as a ground reference

• Very common medium

• Can be use in telephone network

Advantages: Disadvantages:
• Connection Within the buildings
• Cheap • Low data rate

• For local area networks (LAN) • Easy to work with • Short range
TWISTED PAIR CABLES

Twisted Pair cables

Unshielded Shielded
Twisted Pair Twisted pair
(UTP) (STP)
UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR
(UTP):
• Pair of unshielded wires wound around
each other

• Easiest to install

• Telephone subscribers connect to the

central telephone office

• DSL lines

• LAN – 10Mbps or 100Mbps

UTP CABLE TYPES
UTP CONNECTOR AND
TOOLS

RJ45 (RJ stands for registered jack) is a keyed connector, it

means that it can be inserted in only one way

Crimping Tool
ADVANTAGES OF UTP:
 Affordable
 Most compatible cabling
 Major networking system

Disadvantages of UTP:

• Suffers from external Electromagnetic interference

 SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (STP)
• Pair of wires wound around each other
placed inside a protective foil wrap

• Metal braid or sheath foil that reduces

interference

• Harder to handle (thick, heavy)

• STP is used in IBM token ring

networks.

• Higher transmission rates over longer

distances.
ADVANTAGES OF
STP:
 Shielded
 Faster than UTP

Disadvantages of STP:

 More expensive than UTP

 High attenuation rate
 What are RJ connectors?
RJ Connectors are a family of push-and-click connectors for twisted-pair wiring in telephone
and network wiring. RJ stands for Registered Jack. RJ types define both a jack or receptacle
(female) and a plug (male) type of connector.

The most common types of RJ connectors are as follows:

RJ-11 connector: A 4-wire or 6-wire telephone-type connector

RJ-45 connector: An 8-wire telephone-type connector 

RJ-48 connector: An 8-wire telephone-type connector TP 

CO-AXIAL CABLE
Co-axial cable carries signal of higher frequency ranges than twisted pair cable

• Inner conductor is a solid wire

• Outer conductor serves as a shield against noise and a second conductor

CATEGORIES OF COAXIAL
CABLES

Coaxial cables are categorized by Radio Government (RG) ratings,

RG is De Jure standards
COAXIAL CABLE
CONNECTORS
BNC Connectors – Bayone Neil Concelman
To connect coaxial cable to devices we need coaxial connectors

 BNC Connector is used at the end of the cable to a device

Example: TV set conenction

 BNC T connector used to Ethernet networks to branch out connection to

computer or other devices

 BNC terminator is used at the end of the cable to prevent the reflection of the signal
COAXIAL CABLE APPLICATIONS
• Most versatile medium

• Television distribution

• Long distance telephone transmission

ADVANTAGES
• Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously  Easy to wire

• Short distance computer systems links  Easy to expand

• Local area networks DISADVANTAGE

 Single cable failure can take down an

entire network
 FIBER-OPTIC CABLE
A fiber optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmit signals in the
form of light.

Nature of light:

 Light travels in a straight line

 If light goes from one substance to another then the ray of light changes
direction

 Ray of light changes direction when goes from more dense to a less dence
substance
FIBER – OPTIC CABLE CONNECTORS

Subscriber Channel (SC) Connecter

Straight-Tip (ST) Connecter

AREAS OF APPLICATION
 Telecommunications

 Local Area Networks

 Cable TV

 CCTV

Advantage Disadvantage
 Greater capacity Example: Data rates at 100 Gbps
• Installation and maintenance are
 Smaller size & light weight Expensive

 • Only Unidirectional light propagation

Lower attenuation
7. Wireless, Wires & Cables Standard
Unguided Media
Wireless transmission waves
UNGUIDED MEDIA – RADIO WAVES
 Omnidirectional Antenna
 Frequencies between 3 KHz
and 1 GHz.
 Used for multicasts(multiple way)
communications, such as radio
and television, and paging
system.
 Radio waves can penetrate
buildings easily, so that widely
use for indoors & outdoors
communication.
MICROWAVES
Microwaves are ideal when large areas need to be covered
and there are no obstacles in the path
MICRO WAVES
TRANSMISSION
• Microwaves are unidirectional

• Micro waves electromagnetic waves having frequency between 1 GHZ and 300 GHZ.

• There are two types of micro waves data communication system

: terrestrial and satellite

• Micro waves are widely used for one to one communication between
sender and receiver,
example: satellite, GPS
 Frequencies between 3.00 GHz to 400 THz.
INFRARED
 Used for short-range communication
 Example: Night Vision Camera,Remote control, File sharing between two
phones, Communication between a PC and peripheral device
WI-FI & BLUETOOTH
WI-
FI
 What is Wi-Fi
 Short for “Wireless Fidelity”
 A trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance
 The brand name for products using the IEEE 802.11 family of
standards
 Commonly used for “wireless local area network” (WLAN)
BLUETOOTH
 Wireless Personal Area Networks
(WPAN)
 Design goal
 Cable replacement
 Low cost
 Low power
 Small size
 For mobile devices
 Standard: IEEE 802.15.1
Wireless Standards
Cellular Standards
 IEEE
Wifi Standards
 IEEE
Bluetooth Standards
Wire Standards
8. Network Vulnerabilities
 Types of Viruses
• Macro Virus
• Executable Virus
• Backdoor Virus
MACRO VIRUSES
• Most common type of virus on campus Affect Microsoft
Office documents Written in Visual Basic for Applications
• Generally harmless with a few destructive varients

Executable Viruses
• Second most common type of virus on campus
• Written in programming languages and compiled into executable files

Backdoor Programs
Allow anyone on the internet to remotely control the infected computer
– Send and receive files
– View the screen
– Monitor all keystrokes
 Data Protection
Data Security is a process
of protecting files, databases, and
accounts on a network by adopting a set
of controls, applications, and techniques
that identify the relative importance of
different datasets, their sensitivity,
regulatory compliance requirements and
then applying appropriate protections to
secure those ..
9. OSI Model
OSI MODEL
 Data, Protocol & Activities
OSI Layers TCP/IP Suit Activities

Application Application To allow access to network resources

Telnet, FTP, SMTP, HTTP, DNS, SNMP, Specific address etc…

To Translate, encrypt, and compress

Presentation Presentation data

Session To establish, manage, and terminate

Session session

Transport To Provide reliable process-to-process

Transport SCTP, TCP, UDP, Sockets and Ports address Message delivery and error recovery

Network To move packets from source to

Network IP, ARP/RARP, ICMP, IGMP, Logical address destination; to provide internetworking

Data Link To organize bits into frames; to provide

Data Link IEEE 802 Standards, FDDI, PPP, Physical address Hop-to-hop delivery

Physical To Transmit bits over a medium; to provide

Physical Medium, Coax, Fiber, 10base, Wireless Mechanical and electrical specifications
PHYSICAL
LAYER From data link layer To data link layer

Physical layer 110 10101000000010111 110 10101000000010111 Physical layer

Transmission medium

 One of the major function of the physical layer is to move data in the form of electromagnetic
signals across a transmission medium.

Its responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (Node) to next.

Both data and the signals can be either analog or digital.


Transmission media work by conducting energy along a physical path which
can
 be wired or wireless
Physical characteristics of interface and medium (Transmission medium)

Representation of bits (stream of bits (0s or 1s) with no interpretation and encoded into signals)

Data rate (duration of a bit, which is how long it last)

Synchronization of bits (sender and receivers clock must be

synchronized) Line configuration (Point-to-Point, Point-to-Multipoint)

Physical topology

Transmission mode (Simplex, half duplex, full duplex)
LAYER
From network layer To network layer

Data link layer H2 Data T2 H2 Data T2 Data link layer

To physical layer From physical layer

 Data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (Node) to the next.
 Concerned:
 Framing (stream of bits into manageable data units)
 Physical addressing (MAC Address)
 Flow Control (mechanism for overwhelming the receiver)
 Error Control (trailer, retransmission)
 Access Control (defining master device in the same link)
NETWORK LAYER
From transport layer To transport layer

Network layer H3 Data Packet H3 Data Packet Network layer

To data link layer From data link layer

 The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source
host to the destination host.
 Concerned:
 Logical addressing (IP Address)
 Routing (Source to destination transmission between networks)
 TRANSPORT
LAYER
From session layer From session layer

Transport layer H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data Transport layer

Segments Segments

To network layer From network layer

 The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to
another
 Concerned:
 Service-point addressing (Port address)
 Segmentation and reassembly (Sequence
 number)
 Connection control (Connectionless or connection
 oriented) Flow control (end to end)
Error Control (Process to Process)
SESSION
LAYER From Presentation layer To Presentation layer

H5 Data Data Data H5 Data Data Data Session layer

Session layer
Syn Syn Syn Syn Syn Syn

To transport layer From transport layer

 The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization

 Concerned:
 Dialog Control (Half Duplex/Full duplex)
 Synchronization (Synchronization points, process inline within same
page)
PRESENTATION
LAYER
From application layer To application layer

presentation layer H6 Data H6 Data presentation layer

To session layer From session layer

 The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression and encryption

 Concerned:
 Translation (interoperability between different encoding system)
 Encryption (Privacy schemes)
 Compression (data compression)
 LAYER
USER USER
(Human or Program)
(Human or Program)

X.500 FTAM X.400 X.500 FTAM X.400

Application layer
Application layer
H7 Data Message H7 Data Message

To presentation layer From presentation layer

 The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.

 Concerned:
 Network virtual terminal (Software)
 File transfer, access and management
 Mail services
 Directory services (access to distributed database sources for global information about various
objects and services)
10. TCP/IP Model
 TCP/IP model
• The TCP/IP model was developed prior to the OSI model.

• The TCP/IP model is not exactly similar to the OSI model.

• The TCP/IP model consists of five layers: the application layer, transport layer, network
layer, data link layer and physical layer.

• The first four layers provide physical standards, network interface, internetworking, and
transport functions that correspond to the first four layers of the OSI model and these four
layers are represented in TCP/IP model by a single layer called the application layer.

• TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, and each of them

provides specific functionality.
Model
Network Interface Layer

This layer corresponds to the combination of Data Link Layer and Physical
Layer of the OSI model. It looks out for hardware addressing and the protocols
present in this layer allows for the physical transmission of data.
We just talked about ARP being a protocol of Internet layer, but there is a
conflict about declaring it as a protocol of Internet Layer or Network access
layer. It is described as residing in layer 3, being encapsulated by layer 2
protocols.
Network Layer
This layer parallels the functions of OSI’s Network layer. It defines the
protocols which are responsible for logical transmission of data over the
entire network. The main protocols residing at this layer are :

IP
ICMP
ARP
Transport Layer

This layer is analogous to the transport layer of the OSI model. It is

responsible for end-to-end communication and error-free delivery of data. It
shields the upper-layer applications from the complexities of data. The two
main protocols present in this layer are :

[Link] Control Protocol (TCP)

[Link] Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Application Layer
This layer performs the functions of top three layers of the OSI model:
Application, Presentation and Session Layer. It is responsible for node-to-node
communication and controls user-interface specifications. Some of the
protocols present in this layer are: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, TFTP, Telnet, SSH, SMTP,
SNMP, NTP, DNS, DHCP, NFS, X Window, LPD. Have a look at 
Protocols in Application Layer for some information about these protocols.

HTTP and HTTPS

SSH
NTP
•ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) – used to associate an IP address with a MAC address.

•IP (Internet Protocol) – used to deliver packets from the source host to the destination host based on the
IP addresses.

•ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) – used to detects and reports network error conditions. Used
in ping.

•TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – a connection-oriented protocol that enables reliable data transfer
between two computers.

•UDP (User Datagram Protocol) – a connectionless protocol for data transfer. Since a session is not
created before the data transfer, there is no guarantee of data delivery.

•FTP (File Transfer Protocol) – used for file transfers from one host to another.

•Telnet (Telecommunications Network) – used to connect and issue commands on a remote computer.

•DNS (Domain Name System) – used for host names to the IP address resolution.

•HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) – used to transfer files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other
multimedia files) on the World Wide Web.
11. TCP & UDP with Protocols & Ports
Let’s Explore Protocols & Ports of TCP & UDP
12. IP Address Fully Explained
What is IP Address?

An Internet Protocol address is a

numerical label assigned to each
device connected to a computer
network that uses the Internet
Protocol for communication. An IP
address serves two main functions:
host or network interface identification
and location addressing.
 IP ADDRESSING IPV4
• An IP address basically a 32-bit address that uniquely universally defines
connection of host or a router to the Internet. IP address is unique.
• Introduced by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority).

• 32 bit is divided into 4 equal parts of 8-8 bits separated by dotted decimal notation.
It is in the range of minimum [Link] to [Link].
• Each 8 bit group is known by OCTET.
 VARIOUS IP
CLASSES
IP has five different classes differentiated by characteristics.
◦ Class-A ranges from 0 to 127
◦ Class-B ranges from 128 to 191
◦ Class-C ranges from 192 to 223
◦ Class-D ranges from 224 to 239
◦ Class-E ranges from 240 to 255
First Octet is defines the class of particular IP e.g. - [Link] is
follow in class –B
[Link] to [Link] is a range of look back IP.
 CLASSES OF IP ADDRESSES
Class-A
This IP ranges from 0 to 126 Decimal value in first octet. And 1st octet defines
network part and remaining three octet defines the Host part. It patterns
like this NHHH (N-Network; H- Host).

First 8bits defines network and remaining 24 bits defines host parts.
It has a highest nos. of address [Link]
is about 16,277,216.

Lie between [Link] to [Link]

Class B
This IP ranges from 128 to 191 Decimal value in first octet. And 1st two bit defines network part and
remaining two octet defines the Host part. It patterns like this NNHH (N-Network; H-Host).

First 16 bits defines network and remaining 16 bits defines host parts. It has a
highest nos. of address [Link] is about 65,536.

IP ranges from [Link] to [Link].

Class C
This IP ranges from 192 to 223 Decimal value in first octet. And 1st three bit defines network
part and remaining one octet defines the Host part. It patterns like this NNNH (N-Network;
H-Host).

First 24 bits defines network and remaining 8 bits defines host parts.
It has a highest nos. of address [Link] is about 53,68,70,912
IP ranges from [Link] to [Link].
Class-D
This IP ranges from 224 to 239 Decimal value in first octet.
It is not usually use in general applications.
It is use in Special purpose applications known as Multicast.
Class-E
This IP ranges from 240 to 255 Decimal value in first octet. It is not
usually use in general applications.
It is reserved range of IP by R & D (Research and Development) department. Usually,
Class-A to C is supported by PC and Class-D and E is not supported.
 IP ADDRESSING IPV6
• An IP address basically a 128-bit address that uniquely universally defines
connection of host or a router to the Internet. IP address is unique.
• Introduced by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority).
• total of 4,294,967,296 unique IP addresses can be assigned to hosts.
• IP is like 2001:db8:1234::f350:2256:f3dd/64
• It supports Unicast. Telecast & Multicast.
• It doesn’t have Classes like ipv4
13. Subnetting Fully Explained
 What Is Subnet Mask?
A subnet mask is a 32- or 128-bit number that segments an existing IP address in a
TCP/IP network. It is used by the TCP/IP protocol to determine whether a host is on the
local subnet or on a remote network. Subnet mask divides the IP address into a network
address and host address, hence to identify which part of IP address is reserved for the
network and which part is available for host use.
IP ADDRESSING
32 bits
Dotted
Decimal Network Host

Maximum 255 255 255 255

IP ADDRESSING
32 bits
Dotted
Decimal Network Host

Maximum 255 255 255 255

1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Binary 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111

128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
64
128
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
IP ADDRESSING
32 bits
Dotted
Decimal Network Host

Maximum 255 255 255 255

1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Binary 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111

128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
64

8
4
2
1
128
32
16
128
64
32

64
16
8
4
2
1
128
32
16
8
4
2
1
Example
Decimal 172 16 122 204
Example 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100
Binary
IP ADDRESS CLASSES

8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

 Class A: Network
Network Host Host Host

 Class B: Network
Network Network
Network Host Host

 Class C: Network
Network Network
Network Network Host

 Class D: Multicast
 Class E: Research
IP ADDRESS CLASSES

Bits: 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
NNNNN Host
Host Host
Host Host
Class A:
Range (1-126)

Bits: 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
NNNNNN Network
Network Host
Host Host
Class B:
Range (128-191)
1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
Bits:
NNNNNN Network
Network Network
Network Host
Class C:
Range (192-223)
1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
Bits:
NNNNNN Multicast
Multicast Group
Group Multicast
Multicast Group
Group Multicast
Multicast Group
Group
Class D:
Range (224-239)
DETERMINING AVAILABLE HOST ADDRESSES
Network Host
172 16 0 0
N

16
15
14
13
12
11
10

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
9
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000 1
00000000 00000001 2
00000000 00000011 3

...

...

...
11111111 11111101 65534
11111111 11111110 65535
11111111 11111111 65536
-
2
2N-2 = 216-2 = 65534 65534
SUBNET MASK
Network Host

IP
Address
172 16 0 0
Network Host
Default
Subnet
Mask
255 255 0 0
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
Also written as “/16” where 16 represents the number of 1s in the mask.
Network Subnet Host
8-bit
Subnet 255 255 255 0
Mask
Also written as “/24” where 24 represents the number of 1s in the mask.
SUBNET MASK WITHOUT SUBNETS

Network Host

[Link] 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

[Link]
[Link] 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

Network 172 16 0 0
Number

 Subnets not in use—the default

SUBNET MASK WITH SUBNETS

Network Subnet Host

[Link] 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

[Link]
[Link] 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

10101100 00010000 00000010 00000000

Network
Number 172 16 2 0

 Network number extended by eight bits

14. Networking Services (DNS, DHCP like)
DHCP
 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
 From 1993
 An extension of BOOTP, very similar to DHCP
 Same port numbers as BOOTP
 Extensions:
 Supports temporary allocation (“leases”) of IP addresses
 DHCP client can acquire all IP configuration parameters needed to operate

 DHCP isthe preferred mechanism for dynamic assignment of IP addresses

 DHCP can interoperate with BOOTP clients.
DYNAMIC ASSIGNMENT OF IP ADDRESSES
 Dynamic assignment of IP addresses is desirable for several
reasons:
IP addresses are assigned on-demand
Avoid manual IP configuration
Easy to Configure
 SOLUTIONS FOR DYNAMIC ASSIGNMENT OF IP ADDRESSES
 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
 Works similar to ARP
 Broadcast a request for the IP address associated with a given MAC address
 RARP server responds with an IP address
 Only assigns IP address (not the default router and subnetmask)

ARP Ethernet MAC

IP address
address
(32 bit)
(48 bit)
RARP
 DHCP INTERACTION
Argon
00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server

DHCP Request
00:a0:24:71:e4:44
Sent to [Link]

Argon
[Link]
00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server
DHCP Response:
IP address: [Link]
Default gateway: [Link]
Netmask: [Link]
 BOOTP
 BOOTstrap Protocol (BOOTP)
 From 1985

 Host can configure its IP parameters at boot time.

 3 services.

 IP address assignment.
 Detection of the IP address for a serving machine.

 The name of a file to be loaded and executed by the client machine (boot file name)

 Not only assign IP address, but also default router, network mask, etc.
 Sent as UDP messages (UDP Port 67 (server) and 68 (host))
 Use limited broadcast address ([Link]):
 These addresses are never forwarded
 BOOTP INTERACTION (b)
Argon Argon
00:a0:24:71:e4:44 (a) BOOTP Server [Link]
00:a0:24:71:e4:44 DHCP Server
BOOTP Request BOOTP Response:
00:a0:24:71:e4:44
IP address: [Link]
Sent to [Link]
Server IP address: [Link]
Boot file name: filename

Argon
[Link]
00:a0:24:71:e4:44 (c) DHCP Server

 BOOTP can be used for downloading

TFTP
“filename”
memory image for diskless workstations
 Assignment of IP addresses to hosts is static

[Link]
 Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) is a feature in operating systems (such as

Windows) that enables computers to automatically self-configure an IP address and subnet
mask when their DHCP server isn’t reachable. The IP address range for APIPA
is [Link]-[Link], with the subnet mask of [Link].
 Domain name is a way to identify and locate computers connected to internet

 No two organizations can have same domain name

 A domain name always consists of two or more components separated by

periods called dots (.)
EXAMPLE: [Link], [Link] etc.

 Once a domain has been established subdomains can be created within the
domain
EXAMPLE: The domain for the large company could be “[Link]” and within this
domain subdomains can be created for each of the company’s regional office.
Eg: [Link]
 Last
name. subdomain. se co n d - l ev el domain. top-level domain
EXAMPLE: [Link]
Top level domains a r e classified into 3 categories:

 Organizational or generic domains

 Geographical or country domains

 Re ve rse domains
 It consists of t h r e e character code which indicates the primary
function of the organization or their generic behavior
 Most commonly used top level domains are:

 .com for commercial organization eg www.y

 .net for networking organizations [Link] e g
 .gov for government organizations [Link]
g
 .edu for educational organizations [Link]
 .org for non-commercial organizations e g [Link]
eg [Link]
 .mil for military organizations e g [Link]
 .int for international organizations e g [Link]
 It consists of two c h a r a c te r s which r e p r e s e n t s different
countries/regions all around the world
 T h e s e c o d e s have b e e n standardized by International Standard
Organizational (ISO)
EXAMPLE:
 .in India
 .jp Japan
 .us United S tates
 .fr france
 .it Italy
 .cn China
 .au Australia
 Each domain name h a s a corresponding IP a d d r e s s

 When th e u s e r t y p e s th e domain name in th e a d d r e s s bar, th e

corresponding IP a d d r e s s is supplied. Such a translation is possible
with th e help of s y s t e m called DNS (DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM)

 DEFINITION:

“DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM is a collection of th e d a t a b a s e s that

contain information about domain n a m e s and their
corresponding IP address.”
How DNS Lookup Works
DNS is the resolution of a domain name
to an IP address. Moreover, for those of
you who are not aware of how it works
read on to learn the basics.

DNS Lookups
• Forward DNS Lookups
• Reverse DNS Lookups
 NAS (Network Attached Storage)
A NAS system is a storage device connected to a network that allows storage and retrieval of
data from a centralized location for authorized network users and heterogeneous
clients. NAS systems are flexible and scale-out, meaning that as you need additional storage, you
can add on to what you have.
 SAN (Storage Area Network)
A Storage Area Network (SAN) is a specialized, high-speed network that provides block-
level network access to storage. SANs are typically composed of hosts,
switches, storage elements, and storage devices that are interconnected using a variety of
technologies, topologies, and protocols.
15. Routing Protocols Explained
INTER- AND INTRA-DOMAIN ROUTING

Today, an internet can be so large that one routing protocol cannot handle
the task of updating the routing tables of all routers. For this reason, an
internet is divided into autonomous systems.

An autonomous system (AS) is a group of networks and routers under the
authority of a single administration. Routing inside an autonomous system is
called intra-domain routing. Routing between autonomous systems is called
inter-domain routing
POPULAR ROUTING
PROTOCOLS
 DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING

Today, an internet can be so large that one routing protocol cannot handle the
task of updating the routing tables of all routers. For this reason, an
internet is divided into autonomous systems.

An autonomous system (AS) is a group of networks and routers under the

authority of a single administration. Routing inside an autonomous system is
called intra-domain routing. Routing between autonomous systems is called
inter-domain routing
 RIP

The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is an intra- domain (interior) routing

protocol used inside an autonomous system.

It is a very simple protocol based on distance vector routing. RIP

implements distance vector routing directly with some considerations.
EXAMPLE OF A DOMAIN USING RIP
 LINK STATE ROUTING

Link state routing has a different philosophy from that of distance vector
routing.

In link state routing, if each node in the domain has the entire topology of the
domain—the list of nodes and links, how they are connected including the
type, cost (metric), and the condition of the links (up or down)—the node can
use the algorithm to build a routing table.
CONCEPT OF LINK STATE
ROUTING
 OSPF

The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is an intra-domain routing

protocol based on link state routing. Its domain is also an autonomous
system.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol that is

used to find the best path between the source and the destination
router using its own Shortest Path First).
AREAS IN AN AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM
 BGP

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an interdomain routing protocol using path vector routing. It first
appeared in 1989 and has gone through four versions.

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is the protocol underlying the

global routing system of the internet. It manages how packets get
routed from network to network through the exchange of routing and
reachability information among edge routers.
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL BGP SESSIONS
16. WAN Technology Fully Explained
Let’s Understand What is Internet or WAN Network
Internet = WAN
17. Remote Protocols & Services
 Remote Access Protocols
In addition to an IP address, you need a remote access protocol to connect to the Internet.
A remote access protocol is a communications standard that allows your computer to talk
to the remote network. If you ever intend to work from home, you will appreciate this
service. After all, it enables telecommuting. There are three common remote access
protocols used today: PPP, PPTP, and SLIP.
 Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
SLIP operates at both the Physical and Data Link layers of the OSI model. Today, SLIP is
found in many network operating systems in addition to UNIX. It is being used less
frequently with each passing year, though, because it lacks features when compared with
other protocols. Although a low overhead is associated with using SLIP and you can use it
to transport TCP/IP over serial connections, it does no error checking or packet addressing
and can be used only on serial connections. SLIP is used today primarily to connect a
workstation to the Internet or to another network running TCP/IP.
 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 
PPP uses the Link Control Protocol (LCP) to communicate between PPP client and host.
LCP tests the link between client and PPP host and specifies PPP client configuration.
Through LCP, PPP also supports authentication negotiation, as well as negotiation of
encryption and compression between client and server, using compression control
protocols (CCPs) and encryption control protocols (ECPs). 
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
To use PPTP, you set up a PPP session between the client and server, typically over the
Internet. Once the session is established, you create a second dial-up session that dials
through the existing PPP session using PPTP. The PPTP session tunnels through the
existing PPP connection, creating a secure session. In this way, you can use the Internet to
create a secure session between the client and the server. Also called a virtual private
network (VPN), this type of connection is very inexpensive when compared with a direct
connection.
Windows Remote Access Services (RAS)
RAS is used in smaller networks where a dedicated dial-up router is not practical or
possible. In a RAS setup, you can basically connect a modem to a Windows NT or
Windows 2000 server and, by way of the RAS, configure that modem as dial-out only,
dial-up only, or a combination.
 Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)
The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is very similar to the Independent Computing
Architecture (ICA) protocol used by Citrix products. As a matter of fact, RDP is used to
access Windows Terminal Services, a close relative of the Citrix WinFrame product line.
RDP performs the same basic functions as ICA, but it does it with a lot less functionality.
18. Networking Tools & Safety
 Crimping Tool
A crimping tool is a device used to conjoin two pieces of metal by deforming one or both of
them to hold each other. The result of the tool's work is called a crimp. An example of
crimping is affixing a connector to the end of a cable. For instance, network cables and phone
cables are created using a crimping tool (shown below) to join RJ-45 and RJ-11 connectors to
both ends of phone or Cat 5 cable
 Network Cable Tester
One of the problems with wired networks is that when they cease to work, troubleshooting
may be a little more difficult as compared to wireless networks. This is where a network cable
tester can help you. A network cable tester is a useful device that allows you to check the
continuity of the cable to figure out if the signal is strong enough to get through to the
network. This helps to eliminate cable connectivity issues while troubleshooting the problems.
 Coaxial Compression Tool
The coaxial cable is the cable that includes the outer metal that does the conducting. A central
conducting core ensures that the metal is insulated. High frequency signals are transmitted
through this coaxial cable line. A coaxial compression tool is a useful device that uses
connectors to properly compress the coaxial cable. The side of the cable wire will enable you
to know which type of cable it is.
 Multimeter Tool
A digital multimeter is a test tool used to measure two or more electrical values—principally
voltage (volts), current (amps) and resistance (ohms). It is a standard diagnostic tool for
technicians in the electrical/electronic industries.
19. Network Attacks
1. Malwares
2. Phishing
3. Man-In-the-Middle Attack
4. DDoS Attack
5. Cross-Site Scripting
6. SQL Injection Attack
 Firewall
A firewall is a network security device, either hardware or software-based, which
monitors all incoming and outgoing traffic and based on a defined set of security rules it
accepts, rejects or drops that specific traffic.

Accept : allow the traffic

Reject : block the traffic but reply with an “unreachable error”
Drop : block the traffic with no reply

A firewall establishes a barrier between secured internal networks and outside untrusted
network, such as the Internet.
20. All about Network Security
LET’S TALK BRIEFLY
21. All About Cloud Concepts
WHAT IS CLOUD?

The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet.

In other words, we can say that Cloud is
something, which is present at remote location.
Cloud can provide services over network, i.e.,
on public networks or on private networks,
i.e., WAN, LAN or VPN.
Applications such as e-mail, web
conferencing, customer relationship
management (CRM), all run in cloud.
WHAT IS CLOUD
COMPUTING?
Cloud Computing refers to manipulating,
configuring, and accessing the
applications online.
It offers online data storage, infrastructure
and application.

Cloud Computing is both a combination of

software and hardware based computing
resources delivered as a network service.
CLOUD COMPUTING
ARCHITECTURE
BASIC CONCEPTS

There are certain services and models working behind the

scene making the cloud computing feasible and accessible to
end users. Following are the working models for cloud
computing:

1. Deployment Models

2. Service Models
DEPLOYMENT MODELS

Deployment models define the type of access to the cloud, i.e., how the cloud is located?
Cloud can have any of the four types of access: Public, Private, Hybrid and Community.
PUBLIC CLOUD : THE PUBLIC CLOUD ALLOWS SYSTEMS AND SERVICES TO
BE EASILY ACCESSIBLE TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC. PUBLIC CLOUD MAY BE LESS
SECURE BECAUSE OF ITS OPENNESS, E.G., E-MAIL.

PRIVATE CLOUD : The Private Cloud allows systems and services to be accessible
within an organization. It offers increased security because of its private nature.

COMMUNITY CLOUD : The Community Cloud allows systems and services to be

accessible by group of organizations.

HYBRID CLOUD : The Hybrid Cloud is mixture of public and private cloud.
However, the critical activities are performed using private cloud while the non-critical
activities are performed using public cloud.
 Service Models
Service Models are the reference models on which the Cloud Computing is based.
These can be categorized into three basic service models as listed below:

[Link] as a Service (IaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

 INFRASTRUCTURE AS A
SERVICE (IAAS)
IaaS is the delivery of technology infrastructure as an on demand scalable service.
IaaS provides access to fundamental resources such as physical machines, virtual
machines, virtual storage, etc.

•Usually billed based on usage

•Usually multi tenant virtualized environment
•Can be coupled with Managed Services for OS and application support
PLATFORM AS A SERVICE
(PAAS)
PaaS provides the runtime environment for applications, development &
deployment tools, etc.

PaaS provides all of the facilities required to support the complete life cycle
of building and delivering web applications and services entirely from the
Internet.

Typically applications must be developed with a particular platform in mind

•Multi tenant environments

•Highly scalable multi tier architecture
SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE
(SAAS)
SaaS model allows to use software applications as a service to end users.

SaaS is a software delivery methodology that provides licensed multi-tenant access

to software and its functions remotely as a Web-based service.

• Usually billed based on usage

• Usually multi tenant environment
• Highly scalable architecture
22. All About IoT Concepts
 What is IoT?
 Uniquely Identifiable objects or things( Things refer to
anything living or non living things with an unique
identity) communicate or transfer data over a network
without requiring human-to-human or human-to-
computer interaction.
 WHAT IS THE IOT ?

 Many definitions / examples:

Collect Visualize Smart

Devices / Objects Services Information Data Control
The most used communication channels to
communicate objects to internet in the IoT

 WiFi
 Bluetooth
 Zigbee Wireless
 NFC
 WiFi direct
 Bluetooth Low Energy
 BENEFITS OF IOT

 Tracking behaviour for real-time

 Enhanced situational awareness
 Sensor-driven decision analytics
 Process optimization
 Optimized resource consumption
 Instantaneous control and response in complex
autonomous systems
 IOT BASICS

 What does an IoT project need?

 Device(s) that can communicate

 Applications

 Web

 Smartphone

 Users
Future?
23. Configuring a Switch (All Knowledge)
Let’s Configure in Packet Tracer
24. VLAN explained
 VLAN

En > show vlan > vlan database > vlan 2 name v1 > int f0/1 > switchport access vlan 2
25. User authentication
1. API
2. Authorization
3. Authentication

1. PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) - Simple

2. CHAP (Challenge Handshake Protocol) – Handshake File
3. EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) – Smart Card
26. Network Policies
 Network Security Policy
A network security policy is a formal document that outlines the principles, procedures and
guidelines to enforce, manage, monitor and maintain security on a computer network. It is
designed to ensure that the computer network is protected from any act or process that can
breach its security.
•Rules and legal procedures to access the network and to modify its characteristics.
•Governance and management over Web/Internet access
•Implementation of security procedures (access control) on network nodes and devices
•Role/Privilege based policies, such as identifying authorized and unauthorized
services/processes any user can perform on the network
27. Everything about Virtualization
Virtualization
28. Everything about SOHO
 What is SOHO network
SOHO networks are small LANs (Local Area Networks). Typically, SOHO networks consists of
less than 10 computers. Network service servers like DNS server, email server, web server etc., are
typically configured outside SOHO network.
A SOHO network can be a small wired Ethernet LAN or made of both wired and wireless
computers.
 What is SOHO Routers
A SOHO router is a broadband router built and marketed for small offices and
home offices. Since the workload for these types of businesses is primarily on the
internet, they require a local area network (LAN), which means their network 
hardware is structured specifically for that purpose. A SOHO network can be a
mixed network of wired and wireless computers. Since these types of networks
are meant for businesses, they may also include printers and sometimes ​
voice over IP (VoIP) and fax over IP technology.
29. Networking Commands
 UTILITIES

1. PING
2. TRACERT
3. NSLOOKUP
4. NETSH INTERFACE IPV4 SET ADDRESS NAME=“” STATIC
5. NETSH WLAN
30. Networking Issues & Troubleshooting
 WHAT IS NETWORK
TROUBLESHOOTING ?

• Network troubleshooting is the collective measures and processes

used to identify, diagnose and resolve problems and issues within a
computer network.
• It is a systematic process that aims to resolve problems and restore
normal network operations within the network.
 BASIC NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTING
Adapter Resources :

Verify that the network

adapter is properly
installed and detected
by the computer with no
conflicts. If conflicts
exist or the network
adapter is being
detected as an "Other
device", the network
card has likely not been
properly installed in the
computer.
VERIFY CONNECTIONS
If this is a wired network, verify that the network cable is properly
connected and make sure the LEDs next to the network jack are
properly illuminated. , a network card with a solid green LED or
light usually indicates that the card is either connected or receiving
a signal. If the green light is flashing, this is an indication of data
being sent or received. The picture to the right is an example of a
LAN port with two LED indicators next to the RJ-45 port. If there are
no lights or the lights are orange or red, the card may be bad, not
connected properly
WIRELESS NETWORK :
If you're using a laptop with a wireless network, look for the
laptop's Wi-Fi button and make sure it is turned on. Many
laptops have a Wi-Fi button that allows the wireless network
to be turned on and off. The Wi-Fi button is often located
just above the keyboard or on the front edge of the laptop,
but it also may be integrated with a F key as well.

If the button is turned on, make sure you're using the

correct Wi-Fi hotspot by right-clicking on the Network icon
in the Windows Notification Area and clicking "Connect to a
network". Usually, the network with the strongest
connection (the most bars) will be your wireless router.
 ADAPTER FUNCTIONALITY:

• Verify that the network card is capable of pinging itself by using

the ping command. Windows users can ping the computer from
a Windows command line. Unix and Linux users can ping from
the shell.

ping [Link]

ping localhost
FIREWALL:
If your computer network utilizes
a firewall, make sure all
required ports are open, especially port
80, which is the HTTP port. If possible,
disable the firewall software or
disconnect the computer from the
firewall to make sure it is not causing
the network problems.
THE INTERNET IS NOT WORKING
1. Turn off the power to the computer and leave it off.
2. Unplug the power cable to your router and cable modem or DSL
modem.
3. Leave the power cables disconnected for 10-15 seconds, plug in your
modem again, and then plug in your router again.
4. Finally, turn on your computer and see if you can ping your router.
5. If after following the above steps, the Internet is still not working, open
the Windows command line and run the below command.

ping [Link]
ADDITIONAL TROUBLESHOOTING:
• Another method of determining network issues is to use the tracert
command if you are a Windows user or the traceroute command if
you are a Linux or Unix variant user. This command gives you an
overview of each of the devices (routers) a packet travels (hops)
over a network. It can also give you an idea of where a problem
exists in your network or outside of your network.

tracert [Link]

traceroute [Link]
SOME PROBLEM AND SOLUTION PART :

Question : A Network Cable Is Unplugged

Answer : This message appears as a Windows desktop balloon. Several
different conditions can generate this error each with their own
solution, including bad cabling or issues with the device drivers.
If your connection is wired, you may lose access to the network. If
on wireless, your network will probably function normally but this error
message will become an annoyance since it pops up repeatedly until the
issue is addressed.
QUESTION : IP ADDRESS CONFLICT (ADDRESS ALREADY IN
USE)

Answer : If a computer is set up with a static IP address that's being

used by some other device on the network, the computer (and
possibly also the other device) will be unable to use the network.
An example is two or more devices using the IP
address [Link].
In some cases, this problem can even occur
with DHCP addressing.
QUESTION : THE NETWORK PATH CANNOT BE FOUND

 Answer : Updating the TCP/IP configuration can resolve this

issue when trying to access another device on the network.
 You might see it when using the incorrect name for the network
resource if the share doesn't exist, if the times on the two devices are
different or if you don't have the right permissions to access the
resource.
QUESTION : CONNECTED WITH LIMITED
ACCESS

Answer : A technical glitch in Windows can cause this error message

to appear when making certain types of wireless connections, which
is why Microsoft provided a fix for it in a service pack update for
Windows Vista systems.
You might still find this error in other versions of Windows too,
though. It can also occur on a home network for other reasons that
might require you to reset your router or connect and then
disconnect from the wireless connection.
[Link]