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DNA Structure, Function, and Cloning

This document discusses DNA structure and function. It covers topics such as chromosomes, DNA replication, DNA repair mechanisms, and cloning. Some key points include: - Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins and carry genetic information. They exist in characteristic numbers in each cell. - DNA is made up of a double helix structure held together by hydrogen bonds between nucleotide base pairs. It replicates semiconservatively before cell division. - DNA replication involves unwinding the double helix, using each strand as a template to assemble new complementary strands, and sealing any gaps. DNA polymerase and DNA ligase are involved. - Mutations can occur if replication errors go uncorrected. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a method used for

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Jonard Pedrosa
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7 views36 pages

DNA Structure, Function, and Cloning

This document discusses DNA structure and function. It covers topics such as chromosomes, DNA replication, DNA repair mechanisms, and cloning. Some key points include: - Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins and carry genetic information. They exist in characteristic numbers in each cell. - DNA is made up of a double helix structure held together by hydrogen bonds between nucleotide base pairs. It replicates semiconservatively before cell division. - DNA replication involves unwinding the double helix, using each strand as a template to assemble new complementary strands, and sealing any gaps. DNA polymerase and DNA ligase are involved. - Mutations can occur if replication errors go uncorrected. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a method used for

Uploaded by

Jonard Pedrosa
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

DNA Structure and Function

Chapter 6
1.1 Impacts/Issues
Here Kitty, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty

 Making clones (exact genetic copies) of adult


animals is now a common practice in research
and animal husbandry
6.2 Chromosomes

 A eukaryotic chromosome is a molecule of DNA


together with associated proteins

 Chromosome
• Structure made of DNA and associated proteins
• Carries part or all of a cell’s genetic information
Chromosome Structure

 Sister chromatid
• One of two attached members of a duplicated
eukaryotic chromosome

 Centromere
• Constricted region in a eukaryotic chromosome
where sister chromatids are attached
Chromosome Structure
 Proteins organize DNA structurally
• Allow chromosomes to pack tightly

 Histone
• Type of protein that structurally organizes
eukaryotic chromosomes

 Nucleosome
• A length of DNA wound around a spool of histone
proteins
Chromosome Structure
Chromosome Number
 A eukaryotic cell’s DNA is divided into a
characteristic number of chromosomes

 Chromosome number
• Sum of all chromosomes in a cell of a given type
• A human body cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes

 Diploid
• Cells having two of each type of chromosome
characteristic of the species (2n)
Examples of Chromosome Number
Types of Chromosomes
 There are two types of eukaryotic chromosomes:
autosomes and sex chromosomes

 Autosomes
• Paired chromosomes with the same length,
shape, centromere location, and genes
• Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome

 Sex chromosomes
• Members of a pair of chromosomes that differ
between males and females
Sex Chromosomes:
Sex Determination in Humans
diploid diploid
reproductive reproductive
cell in female cell in male

XX XY

eggs sperm

X X X Y

X Y

X XX XY

X XX XY

union of sperm and


Stepped Art
egg at fertilization
Fig. 6-3a, p. 104
Karyotype

 Karyotyping reveals characteristics of an


individual’s chromosomes

 Karyotype
• Image of an individual’s complement of
chromosomes arranged by size, length, shape,
and centromere location
Constructing a Karyotype
6.3 Fame and Glory

 Erwin Chargaff
• Discovered the relationships between DNA bases

 Rosalind Franklin
• Discovered the basic structure of DNA by x-ray
crystallography

 James Watson and Francis Crick


• Built the first accurate model of a DNA molecule
Key Players
 Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, James
Watson, and Francis Crick
The Double Helix

 A DNA molecule consists of two strands of


nucleotide monomers running in opposite
directions and coiled into a double helix

 DNA nucleotide
• A five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
• Three phosphate groups
• One nitrogen-containing base (adenine, thymine,
guanine, or cytosine)
The Double Helix

 Two double-helix strands are held together by


hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases

 Chargaff’s rules
• Bases of the two DNA strands in a double helix
pair in a consistent way: A = T and C = G
• Proportions of A and G vary among species
The Four DNA Nucleotides
DNA Structure
Patterns of Base Pairing
 The order of bases (DNA sequence) varies
among species and among individuals
• Each species has characteristic DNA sequences

 DNA sequence
• The order of nucleotide bases in a strand of DNA
6.4 DNA Replication and Repair

 A cell replicates its DNA before it divides

 Each strand of the double helix serves as a


template for synthesis of a new, complementary
strand of DNA

 DNA replication results in two double-stranded


DNA molecules identical to the parent
DNA Replication and Repair

 During DNA replication, the double-helix unwinds

 DNA polymerase uses each strand as a template


to assemble new, complementary strands of DNA
from free nucleotides

 DNA ligase seals any gaps to form a continuous


strand
DNA Replication and Repair

 DNA replication
• Duplication of a cell’s DNA before cell division

 DNA polymerase
• DNA replication enzyme; assembles a new strand
of DNA based on sequence of a DNA template

 DNA ligase
• Enzyme that seals breaks in double-stranded DNA
DNA Replication
1) The two strands of a DNA molecule are
complementary: their nucleotides match up
according to base-pairing rules (G to C, T to
A).

2) As replication starts, the two strands


of DNA unwind at many sites along the
length of the molecule.

3) Each parent strand serves as a template


for assembly of a new DNA strand from
nucleotides, according to base-pairing rules.

4) DNA ligase seals any gaps that remain


between bases of the “new” DNA, so a
continuous strand forms. The base sequence
of each half-old, half-new DNA molecule is
identical to that of the parent.
Stepped Art
Fig. 6-8, p. 108
Animation: DNA replication
DNA Replication: The Double Helix
Checking for Mistakes

 DNA repair mechanisms fix damaged DNA


• Proofreading by DNA polymerase corrects most
base-pairing errors

 DNA repair mechanisms


• Any of several processes by which enzymes
repair DNA damage
Mutations

 Uncorrected errors in DNA replication may


become mutations

 Mutation
• A permanent change in DNA sequence
6.5 Cloning Adult Animals

 Reproductive cloning technologies produce an


exact genetic copy of an individual (clone)

 Reproductive cloning
• Technology that produces genetically identical
individuals
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

 Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)


• Method of reproductive cloning in which nuclear
DNA from an adult somatic cell is transferred into
an unfertilized, enucleated egg

 Therapeutic cloning
• Using SCNT to produce human embryos for
research
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Clones
 Clone produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer
Digging into Data:
The Hershey Chase Experiments
Fig. 6-12a, p. 113
S remains
35

Virus proteins outside cells


labeled with 35S

DNA being
injected into
bacterium

Virus DNA
labeled with 32P 32
P remains
inside cells
Labeled DNA
being injected
into bacterium

Fig. 6-12b-c, p. 113

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