Introduction: Nature and
Background of the Study
The Introduction of the
Research Study
O SUBQUESTIONS:
1. Nature and background of the Study
[Link] Framework
[Link]
4. Statement of the Problem
5. Purpose/objectives of the study
6. Significance of the Study
7. Scope
[Link] of Terms
Activity 1: Arrange the Jumbled Letters
to come up with a Term/Phrase
1. ITINEFINDO
2. SSCUAE DAN TSFFECE
3. DYGOLOEMHTO
4. ALCHTORISI NCDAKBROGU
5. MEPOBRLS/SSIUES
6. SNCOPMAIRO FO SEADI/TDOSHEM
SDUE
7. GESTAVNDAA DAN/RO
IDSGESTAVNDAA
Lets Check
1. DEFINITION
2. CAUSES AND EFFECTS
3. METHODOLOGY
4. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
5. PROBLEMS/ISSUES
6. COMPARISONS OF IDEAS/METHODS USED
7. ADVANTAGES AND/OR DISADVANTAGES
Let’s Discuss
NATURE AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Include existing literature, current issues, and
present problems and circumstances associated
with the study
It’s where you indicate gaps of knowledge which
initiated the need for further investigation,
identifying the particular one which you want to
focus on
NATURE AND
BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
Must have a thorough discussion of the
problem at hand.
Must also note the rationale or the
importance of doing the investigation to
strengthen the beneficial purpose of
conducting the researches.
Nature and Background
of the Study
O Having enough background information will provide a
gist of important and relevant research studies upon
which your research problem is based.
O It will convey your understanding about the problem
you are investigating, which will set the credibility of
your overall analysis and findings.
O It will assist your readers to understand the contexts in
which your research problem is related.
Suggested Information that can be
included in the Background of the Study.
1. Definition – You may define the concepts or
constructs included in your study but do not forget to
cite the reference from which you have gotten your
definition.
Ex. “Test anxiety is a “situation-specific personality trait
that occurs before, during and after a testing session”
(Michele, 2006). It may also be defined as “the
uneasiness apprehension, or nervousness felt by students
who have a fear of failing an exam” (Ogundokun, 2011).
Suggested Information that can be
included in the Background of the Study.
2. Causes and Effects – When discussing the research
problem at hand, you may highlight its causes and
effects to the concerned subjects.
Ex. “Test anxiety has cognitive causes that bring out
physiological effects. A person with test anxiety
experiences tension due to fear as manifested by their
increase in heart rate, rapidity of breathing and
immobilization.
Suggested Information that can be
included in the Background of the Study.
3. Methodology – You may cite the methods used in
other researches to address the problem at hand.
Ex. “Test anxiety can be investigated through
experimental study. Using this method, the researcher is
tasked to create conditions which could stimulate test
anxiety and provide possible treatment to battle it out.”
Suggested Information that can be
included in the Background of the Study.
4. Historical Background – you may mention previous
and notable researches from which your topic is based.
Ex. Dance may have originated in the form of rudimentary
as early as 1.8 million years ago, when the bipedal
anatomy of Homo ergaster can move the body fully which
enhanced the communication and body language (Mithen,
2005 as cited in Sevdalis and Keller, 2011).”
Suggested Information that can be
included in the Background of the Study.
5. Problems/issues – Current issues or problems regarding your specific
topic should also be seen in your background.
Ex. Recent studies suggest that Filipino students’ mastery level in mathematics
and science are weak when they graduate from high school (Espinosa,
Monterola, and Punzalan, 2013). In the case of a private collegiate institution
in Manila, tertiary level science teachers observed that students often get low
grade or failing grade in any 3-unit, 4-unit, or 5-unit science subject.
Conclusively, a general trend of underachievement in science is also present in
the collegiate level. Informal interviews conducted to students revealed that
science courses are often perceived as a very difficult course compared to their
professional courses. Hence, they find it interesting. In addition, students
attributed their perceived difficulty in science to course information overload.
Apparently, presence of test anxiety follows; thereby, affecting their
preparation for examination and performance in the examination itself. As a
result, their obtained score in the examinations oftentimes fall short of the
average which may lead to underachievement in the course.”
Suggested Information that can be
included in the Background of the Study.
6. Comparisons of ideas/methods used
Ex. “Music has also been proven to increase the intelligence quotient
of children when engaging in practical music making (Hallam, 2008;
Jenkins, 2001; Kokotsaki and Hallam, 2011). With that, it can be said that
music can really affect a person’s task performance. In fact, some studies
have come to the conclusion that music, especially classical, aids in the
storage and recall of information in our memory (Berz, 1995). This may
be due to the fact that music can reduce stress, making it easier for people
to study and remember information (El Haj, Postal and Allain, 2012). On
the contrary, some studies concerning the effectiveness of background
music on task perfromance have yielded inconsistent findings. music has
been proven as a distracter on task performance at times (Alley and
Greene, 2008; Furnham and Bradley, 1997; Pring and Walker, 1994).
Because our senses are so immersed in the music, most if not at all, focus
on the music, thus causing distraction to the task on hand.”
Suggested Information that can be
included in the Background of the Study.
7. Advantages and/or Disadvantages
Ex. “Autocratic coaching style or intense style is
applied when the coach assumes authority and decision-
making is centralized. An advantage of this coaching style
includes a directive and dominating coach who prepares
the group or the individual for any type of competition.
However, the downside of this coaching style is its one-
way learning process. The coach tends to show lack of
empathy and he is the only one determining the rules,
rewards, and the standards (Lyle, 2006).”
Three suggested steps to follow in writing
nature and background of the study.
1. Present the general statement of fact related to the study. You
may use the definition of terms in stating general knowledge.
2. Indicate a more specific statement about the issues or problems
already proven in other related researches. You may compare or
contrast the methods and findings discussed in the related
studies.
3. Use statements that lead to the need for more investigation. You
must emphasize the rationale of doing your research by using
statements such as “Previous investigations related hardly
provide evidences that may explain the existence of such
phenomena; hence, the dearth of information motivated the
researcher to conduct this study.”
Statement of the
Problem/Research Question
O Concentrates on the issue or problem that the research
intends to investigate
O Usually written in a declarative sentence
O Common formats: “This study will compare, contrast,
investigate, describe, determine, examine, develop,
clarify, test or evaluate the issue being studied.”
O Ex. This study will test the effectiveness of music on
the spatial reasoning of children so that it can be
considered as part of teaching strategies in this
educational level.
Statement of the
Problem/Research Question
O In some academic journals, the statement of the problem
and research questions are stated in different sections;
while in some, they use the terms interchangeably.
O Apparently, when statement of the problem is dissected
and variables are identified, research questions are made.
O In research questions, specify the information that you
would like to find out and how would you like to be
answered.
O The results of the study are the answers to the research
questions
Statement of the
Problem/Research Question
O Not all research designs use the term “research
questions”
O Experimental research designs and quasi-
experimental designs apply the term “research
hypothesis” whose focus is to test or prove a
claim has hypothesis written in a declarative
sentence.
O Ex. An improvement in test scores can be
expected when students are allowed to review
before a written test.
Statement of the
Problem/Research Question
O Surveys and non-experimental researches (such as
correlational, case studies, causal-comparative, and archival
researches) use the term “research questions”. These aims to
discover and strengthen knowledge by means of answering
questions and so statements are usually in the interrogative
case. (Wh-H type of research question)
Which is a better question?
1. Is there a relationship between rewards and high test scores?
2. What is the degree of relationship between rewards and test
scores?
Purpose/Objective of the Study
O Confined with a broader explanation behind
the reasons for doing the study
O You also discuss your intention for conducting
the study
O You state the results that you expect to
discover from your study
O Usually it is related to your statement of the
problem or hypotheses
Purpose/Objective of the Study
Ex. The objective of this study is to determine
which of the two coaching styles , specifically
autocratic and participative, will best influence
dancers in increasing dance performance.
Null hypothesis of the study: Either of the
two types of coaching style in this study will
have no significant difference on dance
performance.
Significance of the Study
O Points out the advantages that will come from the results
O Emphasizes the concerned population to which the findings will be
favorable
O Ex. This study will be a significant endeavor in promoting good
working environment in the workplace and motivation of its
employees. This study will also be beneficial to the workers and
owners in strategic management, when they employ effective
operation in their business setting particularly in different concepts
related t the use of effective sales and inventory system. By
understanding the needs of the people and benefits of quality
service, the workers and owners be assured of a competitive
advantage.
Scope of the Study
O Launches the limits of the process in which
your study will be conducted
O You will discuss the variables that you will
examine and the method that you are going to
use.
O Also mention the number of participants, the
place where you will get your data, the
instruments to be used, and the time frame for
completing your study
Scope of the Study
O Determining the scope of the study will declare the
feasibility of doing the investigation. It will set the
applicability of findings.
O Ex. The study has chosen test anxiety and the student’s
achievement as variables to be investigated through
methods of association. One hundred participants from
different colleges in the university have to complete
survey questions and tests as a means of gathering the
needed data. The study is expected to be completed in a
quarter