LectureL/O/G/O
No.6
Advanced Engineering
Thermodynamics
[Link]. Dr. Mahdi Hatf
Kadhum
(For Master Techniques )
6-12-2020
Thermodynamic properties of
ideal gases and gas mixtures
of constant composition
Composition Of a Gas Mixture:
Mass And Mole Fractions
To determine the properties of a mixture, we need to know the composition
of the mixture as well as the properties of the individual components. There
are two ways to describe the composition of a mixture: either by specifying
the number of moles of each component, called molar analysis, or by
specifying the mass of each component, called gravimetric analysis.
Consider a gas mixture composed of k components. The mass of the
mixture mm is the sum of the masses of the individual components, and the
mole number of the mixture Nm is the sum of the mole numbers of the
individual components (Figure 1 and Figure 2). That is,
1a, 1b
Figure 1
The mass of a mixture is equal to the sum of the masses of its components.
Figure 2
The number of moles of a nonreacting mixture is equal to the sum of the number
of moles of its components.
The ratio of the mass of a component to the mass of the mixture is called
the mass fraction mf, and the ratio of the mole number of a component to
the mole number of the mixture is called the mole fraction y :
2a , 2b
Dividing Eq.1a by mm or Eq.1b by Nm, we can easily show that the sum of
the mass fractions or mole fractions for a mixture is equal to 1 (Fig. 3):
The sum of the mole fractions
of a mixture is equal to 1.
Fig. 3
The mass of a substance (m) can be expressed in terms of the mole number
N and molar mass M of the substance as m = NM. Then the apparent (or
average) molar mass and the gas constant of a mixture can be expressed
as:
3a , 3b
The molar mass of a mixture can also be expressed as:
4
Mass and mole fractions of a mixture are related
by:
5
Example
where Ru is the universal gas constant and Mm is the molar mass of
mixture ( also called molecular weight).
Rm is the mixture gas constant.
kJ
Unites of (Ru)
kmol . k
Unites of (Rm)
kJ
kg . k
P-V-T Behavior of gas mixtures:
ideal and real gases
The prediction of the P-v-T behavior of gas mixtures is usually
based on two models: Dalton’s law of additive pressures and
Amagat’s law of additive volumes. Both models are described
and discussed in the following paragraphs.
Dalton’s law of additive pressures: The pressure of a gas mixture is equal
to the sum of the pressures each gas would exert if it existed alone at the
mixture temperature and volume (Figure 5).
Amagat’s law of additive volumes: The volume of a gas mixture is equal to
the sum of the volumes each gas would occupy if it existed alone at the
mixture temperature and pressure (Figure 6).
Figure 6
Figure 5
Dalton’s law of additive pressures Amagat’s law of additive volumes
for a mixture of two ideal gases. for a mixture of two ideal gases.
Dalton’s and Amagat’s laws can be expressed as follows:
7
In these relations, Pi is called the component pressure and Vi is called the
component volume (Fig. 7). Note that Vi is the volume a component would
occupy if it existed alone at Tm and Pm, not the actual volume occupied by the
component in the mixture. (In a vessel that holds a gas mixture, each
component fills the entire volume of the vessel. Therefore, the volume of
each component is equal to the volume of the vessel.) Also, the ratio Pi /Pm is
called the pressure fraction and the ratio Vi /Vm is called the volume
fraction of component i.
Fig. 7. The volume a component would occupy
if it existed alone at the mixture T and P is
called the component volume (for ideal gases,
it is equal to the partial volume yiVm).
For ideal gases, Pi and Vi can be related to yi by using the ideal-gas relation
for both the components and the gas mixture:
Therefore,
8
Eq. 8 is strictly valid for ideal-gas mixtures since it is derived by assuming ideal-gas
behavior for the gas mixture and each of its components. The quantity yiPm is called
the partial pressure (identical to the component pressure for ideal gases), and the
quantity yiVm is called the partial volume (identical to the component volume for
ideal gases). Note that for an ideal-gas mixture, the mole fraction, the pressure
fraction, and the volume fraction of a component are identical.
The composition of an ideal-gas mixture (such as the exhaust gases leaving a
combustion chamber) is frequently determined by a volumetric analysis (called the
Orsat Analysis) and Eq.8.
Example
A 10 m3 tank contains a gas mixture at 25 °C, 100 kPa and has the
following molar composition: N2, 55%; CO2, 25%; O2, 10%; H2O, 10%.
Determine:
a) the mass fraction of each gas
b) the partial pressure of each component (in kPa)
c) the mass of the mixture (in kg).
Assumptions:
A1. Each gas is ideal.
A2. The mixture behaves as an ideal gas and follows Dalton’s Law.
a) The mass fraction of each gas can be evaluated by considering 1 kmol of
mixture Molecular weight of each gas is obtained from following Table.
b) The partial pressures of each gas is given by:
or
c) The mass of the mixture is determined with the ideal gas equation:
Mixture Properties
The total mixture properties, such as internal energy, enthalpy, and
entropy, may be determined by adding the properties of the components at
the mixture conditions.
where are the internal energy and enthalpy of the ith component on the mole basis,
energy per unit mole, at the mixture temperature. The entropy of a component is a
function of the temperature and pressure. The entropy of a mixture is the sum of the
component entropies,
Where is the entropy per mole of the ith component at the
mixture temperature, T, and its partial pressure, pi
The specific heats of a mixture may be found by expanding the
equations for enthalpy and internal energy of a mixture:
H.W
Summary
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Summary
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