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Satellite Communications Dec 6, 2020
Md Mehedi Hasan
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Satellite Communications Dec 6, 2020
SATELLITE
COMMUNICATIONS
Contents…
Introduction
Orbit
Frequency Allocation
Advantages of satellite/
Applications
Disadvantages
Conclusion
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Introduction
Satellite is a microwave repeater in the
space.
There are about 750 satellites in the space,
most of them are used for communication.
They are:
Wide area coverage of the earth’s
surface.
Transmission delay is about 0.3 sec.
Transmission cost is independent of
distance.
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What exactly is a
satellite?
The word satellite originated from the Latin word “Satellit”-
meaning an attendant, one who is constantly hovering around
& attending to a “master” or big man.
For our own purposes however a satellite is simply any body
that moves around another (usually much larger) one in a
mathematically predictable path called an orbit.
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Components of a satellite
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What are Communication Satellites?
A satellite is an object that orbits another large object
like planet.
A communication satellite is a station in space that is
used for telecommunication, radio and television
signals.
The first satellite with radio transmitter was in 1957.
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Communication Satellites
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The origin of satellite
The concept of using object in space to reflect signals for
communication was proved by Naval Research Lab in
Washington D.C. when it use the Moon to establish a very
low data rate link between Washington and Hawaii in late
1940’s.
Russian started the Space age by successfully launching
SPUTNIK the first artificial spacecraft to orbit the earth,
which transmitted telemetry information for 21 days in
Oct. 1957.
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Cont…
The American followed by launching an experimental
satellite EXPLORER In 1958.
In 1960 two satellite were deployed “Echo” & “Courier”
In 1963 first GSO “Syncom” The first commercial GSO
(Intelsat & Molnya) in 1965 these provides video
(Television) and voice (Telephone)
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Why Use Satellite?
Satellite communication is just one example of wireless
communication systems.
Familiar examples of wireless systems are all around us, such as
radio, television- broadcasting, mobile and cordless telephones.
These systems rely on a network of ground-based transmitters
and receivers and for this reason they are often referred to as “
terrestrial " systems.
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Cont…
One major use of satellites familiar to everyone is
satellite television broadcasting.
Other applications of satellite communications include
high speed internet, telephony and corporate networks
for multinational businesses.
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How do satellites work?
Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio
broadcast but are too far away to use conventional means.
The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for
their communication.
One Earth Station sends a transmission to the satellite.
This is called a Uplink.
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The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it
down to the second earth station. This frequency is called a
Downlink.
Transponder
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Concept:
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• Consider the light bulb as an example:
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Early satellites
Telstar
Allowed live transmission across the Atlantic
Syncom 2
First Geosynchronous satellite.
TELSTAR SYNCOM 2
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Orbits
Circular orbits are simplest.
Inclined orbits are useful for coverage of equatorial
regions
Elliptical orbits can be used to give quasi stationary
behaviour viewed from earth using
3 or 4 satellites
Orbit changes can be used to extend the life of satellites.
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Satellite orbits
Classification of orbits:
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How does a satellite stay in it’s orbit?
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Elements of Satellite
Communications
The basic elements of a communication satellite service are
divided between;
Space Segment
Ground Segment
The space segment consist of the spacecraft & launch
mechanism.
The ground segment comprises the earth station and network
control center of entire satellite system.
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Space Segment
Space segment consist of a
satellite in suitable orbit.
Space segment classified on the
basis of orbit.
LEO
MEO
GEO
MONIYA
HAP
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Satellite orbit altitudes
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Ground Segment
The ground Segment of each service has
distinct characteristics.
Services like;
FSS
BSS
MSS
Maritime, Aeronautical & Land base
DBS etc..
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Service Types
Fixed Service Satellites (FSS)
Example: Point to Point Communication
Broadcast Service Satellites (BSS)
Example: Satellite Television/Radio
Also called Direct Broadcast Service (DBS).
Mobile Service Satellites (MSS)
Example: Satellite Phones
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Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
These satellites are in orbit 35,863 km above the
earth’s surface along the equator.
Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the
earth at the same speed as the earth rotates. This
means GEO satellites remain in the same position
relative to the surface of earth.
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Advantages:
A GEO satellite’s distance from earth gives it a
large coverage area, almost a fourth of the earth’s
surface.
GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a particular
area.
These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast
and other multipoint applications.
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Disadvantages:
GEO satellite’s distance also cause it to have both a
comparatively weak signal and a time delay in the
signal, which is bad for point to point communication.
GEO satellites, centered above the equator, have
difficulty broadcasting signals to near polar regions.
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Frequency Allocations
Frequency bands for satellite services are shared with
terrestrial services.
Satellite signal strength is constrained to avoid
interference by it to others.
Thus a large antenna and sensitive receiver are needed at
the earth station.
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Cont…
Frequency sharing techniques are an important study area.
Many satellites have to share a limited frequency band
(and limited orbital arc) thus coordination in frequency
and orbital location is important.
Frequency allocation are done by international
agreements.
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Frequency Bands
Different kinds of satellites use different frequency bands.
• L–Band: 1 to 2 GHz, used by MSS
• S-Band: 2 to 4 GHz, used by MSS, NASA, deep space research
• C-Band: 4 to 8 GHz, used by FSS
• X-Band: 8 to 12.5 GHz, used by FSS and in terrestrial imaging,
ex: military and meteorological satellites
• Ku-Band: 12.5 to 18 GHz: used by FSS and BSS (DBS)
• K-Band: 18 to 26.5 GHz: used by FSS and BSS
• Ka-Band: 26.5 to 40 GHz: used by FSS
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Advantages of satellite over terrestrial communication
The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that of
a terrestrial system.
Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the
distance from the center of the coverage area.
Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise.
Higher Bandwidths are available for use.
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Disadvantages of satellites:
Launching satellites into orbit is costly.
Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up.
There is a larger propagation delay in satellite
communication than in terrestrial communication.
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Major problems for satellites
Positioning in orbit
Stability
Power
Communications
Harsh Environment
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Applications
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First Launching Of Satellites By Country
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In Conclusion
Satellites remain the best utilization used for
communications due to their speed and other
advantages mentioned in this presentation.
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Communication satellites bring the world to you
anywhere and any time…..
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Thank You…..!!!!!
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