SOUND TECHNOLOGIES
SOUND RECORDING AND
REPRODUCTION
SOUND RECORDING AND REPRODUCTION IS
AN ELECTRICAL OR MECHANICAL
INSCRIPTION AND RE-CREATION OF SOUND
WAVES, SUCH AS SPOKEN VOICE, SINGING,
INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC, OR SOUND EFFECTS.
THE TWO MAIN CLASSES OF SOUND
RECORDING TECHNOLOGY ARE ANALOG
RECORDING AND DIGITAL RECORDING.
ACOUSTIC ANALOG RECORDING IS ACHIEVED
BY A SMALL MICROPHONE DIAPHRAGM THAT
CAN DETECT CHANGES IN ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE (ACOUSTIC SOUND WAVES) AND
RECORD THEM AS A GRAPHIC
REPRESENTATION OF THE SOUND WAVES ON A
MEDIUM SUCH AS A PHONOGRAPH (IN WHICH
A STYLUS SENSES GROOVES ON A RECORD).
In magnetic tape recording, the sound waves vibrate the
microphone diaphragm and are converted into a varying
electric current, which is then converted to a varying
magnetic field by an electromagnet, which makes a
representation of the sound as magnetized areas on a
plastic tape with a magnetic coating on it. Analog sound
reproduction is the reverse process, with a bigger
loudspeaker diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric
pressure to form acoustic sound waves. Electronically
generated sound waves may also be recorded directly
from devices such as an electric guitar pickup or a
synthesizer, without the use of acoustics in the recording
process other than the need for musicians to hear how
well they are playing during recording sessions.
Digital recording and reproduction converts the analog
sound signal picked up by the microphone to a digital form
by a process of digitization, allowing it to be stored and
transmitted by a wider variety of media. Digital recording
stores audio as a series of binary numbers representing
samples of the amplitude of the audio signal at equal time
intervals, at a sample rate so fast that the human ear
perceives the result as continuous sound. Digital recordings
are considered higher quality than analog recordings not
necessarily because they have higher fidelity.
MICROPHONES
A microphone (also called as mic or mike) is a device that
converts sound into an electrical signal.
Microphones are of two types, they are
Dynamic
Condenser
Ribbon microphone
MICROPHONE POLAR PATTERNS
Omnidirectional
Subcardioid
Cardioid
Supercardioid
Hypercardioid
Bi-directional
Shotgun
MICROPHONE POLAR PATTERNS
FOLEY ARTIST
A foley artist on a film crew is the person who creates
many of the natural, everyday sound effects in a film,
which are recorded during a session with a recording
engineer. Before the session, a project will be cued, with
notes kept about what sounds need to be created during
the foley session. Often, the project will have a sound
supervisor who will dictate what sounds need to be
covered in a foley session and what needs to be created
by special (audio) effects, which is generally left to the
sound designer.
This foley artist can be explained briefly in this video.
DUBBING ARTIST
Dubbing is the post-production process of recording and
replacing voices on a motion picture or television
soundtrack subsequent to the original shooting schedule.
The term most commonly refers to the substitution of the
voices of the actors shown on the screen by those of
different performers, who may be speaking a different
language.
BOOM OPERATOR
A boom operator is an assistant of the production sound
mixer. The principal responsibility of the boom operator
is microphone placement, sometimes using a "fish pole"
with a microphone attached to the end and sometimes,
when the situation permits, using a "boom" (often a
Fisher boom) which is a more intricate and specialized
piece of equipment that the operator stands on, and that
allows precise control of the microphone at a much
greater distance away from the actors. He or she will
also attach wireless microphones to actors, celebrities
and anyone whose voice requires recording.
The work of a boom operator can be explained detail in the
upcoming video.
AUDIO ENGINEERING
Audio engineering is a part of audio science dealing with the
recording and reproduction of sound through mechanical and
electronic means. The field draws on many disciplines, including
electrical engineering, acoustics, psychoacoustics, and music.
Unlike acoustical engineering, audio engineering does not deal with
noise control or acoustical design. An audio engineer is closer to the
creative and technical aspects of audio rather than formal
engineering. An audio engineer must be proficient with different
types of recording media, such as analog tape, digital multitrack
recorders and workstations, and computer knowledge. With the
advent of the digital age, it is becoming more and more important
for the audio engineer to be versed in the understanding of software
and hardware integration from synchronization to analog to digital
transfers.
DIFFERENT PROFESSIONAL
BRANCHES
SOUND ENGINEER
Studio engineer could be either a sound engineer
working in a studio together with a producer, or a
producing sound engineer working in a studio.
Recording engineer is a person who records sound.
MIXING ENGINEER
Mixing engineer is a person who creates mixes of multi-
track recordings. It is not uncommon for a commercial
record to be recorded at one studio and later mixed by
different engineers in other studios.
MASTERING ENGINEER
Mastering engineer Typically the person who mixes the
final stereo tracks (or sometimes just a few tracks or
stems) that the mix engineer produces. The mastering
engineer makes any final adjustments to the overall
sound of the record in the final step before commercial
duplication.
HOLLYWOOD SOUND
RECORDING
Most of Hollywood cinema consists of original sound
recording. Only the wide angle shot requires a studio to
achieve sound production this is how they have a clarity
picture.
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