Chemical Formulas & Reactions
Chemistry 1
Engr. Albert S. Revilla
Molecular mass
• Is the sum of the atomic masses of all the
atoms present in one molecule of that
compound.
• Ex. NaCl
• Na =1(23)
• Cl = 1(35)
M.M. = 58 a.m.u
Molecular mass
• Ex. Na2CO3
• Na =2(23) = 46
• C = 1(12) = 12
• O = 3(16) = 48
M.M. = 106 a.m.u
% composition
• Can be computed from the relative atomic
masses of the elements present in that
compound.
– Ex. NaCl
% Na = 23/58 x 100 = 39.66%
% Cl = 35/58 x 100 = 60.34%
Mole
• Is the ratio of the mass of the substance to
its atomic mass or molecular mass.
• One mole of any element or compound
contains Avogadro’s number (6.02 x 10 23)
particles, whether these particles are atoms,
ions, or molecules.
Mole
• Ex.
• 1mol Na/23g Na
• 23 g Na/1 mol Na
• 1 mol K+ ions/6.02 x 1023
• 6.02 x 1023 K+ ions/1 mol K+ ions
Mole
• One mole of any substance has a mass, in
grams equal to its molecular (or atomic)
mass.
• 1 mol of NaCl contains 6.02 x 1023
molecules and has a mass of 58 g
• 1 atom of C contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms &
has mass of 12 g
Mole
• Calc. The number of moles and molecules in a) 10.0
g of water
• # of mols H2O = 10 g H2O /(18 g H2O /mol H2O )
= 0.56 mol
• # of molecules H2O
= 0.56 mol H2O x ( 6.02 x 1023 molecules/1 mol H2O)
= 3.37 x 1023 molecules
Empirical & Molecular formula
• Empirical formula of a compound is the smallest
whole number ratio of the number of atoms of each
element in the substance.
• Ex. CH is the empirical formula for the series of
hydrocarbon compounds: C2H2 C6 H6
• Empirical formula does not always represent the
actual number of atoms present and can not
represent the molecular mass.
Empirical & Molecular formula
• Molecular formula represents the actual number of
atoms present in each molecule of a given
compound
• Molecular formula is always a simple integral
multiple of the empirical formula.
• [Link] is the empirical formula for the series of
hydrocarbon compounds:
• C2H2
• C6 H6
calculations
• An analysis of nicotine gave the following n
% composition: 74.0% C, 8.65% H, &
17.3% N. what is the E.F. for nicotine? If
the molecular mass of nicotine is 81, what
is the molecular formula?
calculations
• Solution:
• Assume 100 grams of nicotine
• # of grams C = 100 g (74.0%)
H = 100 g (8.65%)
N = 100 g(17.3%)
calculations
• Solution:
• Assume 100 grams of nicotine
• # of moles C = 74 g/(12 g/mole) = 6.17 mol
H = 8.65 g/(1 g/mole) = 8.65 mole
N = 17.3 g/(14 g/mole) = 1.24 mole
Divide the smallest number of mole to each
N = 1.24/1.24, H = 8.65/1.24, C = 6.17/1.24
N = 1, H = 7, C = 5
E.F. = C5H7N
calculations
• Solution:Molecular formula
• E.F. = C5H7N = 81
• MF : 81x = 81
• x = 81/81 = 1
MF = C5H7N
Chemical equations
• Is a concise shorthand expression
w/c represents the relative amount
of reactants and products involved
in a chemical reaction
Chemical equations
• Parts of a chemical reaction:
– Reactants -
• Substances that interact with each other.
• On the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation.
Chemical equations
• Products -
• New substances formed during a reaction.
• On the right side of the arrow in at a chemical
equation.
There are 5 general types of reactions:
•synthesis
•decomposition
•single displacement
•double displacement
•combustion
Synthesis: two simple substances combine
to form a more complex one
Examples of synthesis reactions:
•The general form is: A + X AX
•Element + element compound
•2Na + Cl2 2NaCl
•4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
• Compound + Compound Compound
•SO2 + H2O H2SO4
•BaO + H2O Ba(OH)2
Decomposition: a complex substance breaks down
into two simple substances
Examples of decomposition reactions:
•The general form is: compound element
+ element
• AX A+X
•2H2O 2H2 + O2
•H2CO3 H2O + CO2
compound compound + compound
Ca(OH)2 Cao + H2O
Single displacement: a single element
replaces an element in a compound.
Examples of single displacement reactions:
The general form is: A + BX AX + B
x + BY BX + Y
element + compound compound + element
•Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
•2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
Double displacement: two different atoms in two
different compounds exchange places
Examples of double displacement reactions :
•The general form is:AX + BY AY + BX
•compound + compound compound + compound
•MgCO3 + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2CO3
•2KCl + Pb(NO3)2 2KNO3 + PbCl2
Combustion: a hydrocarbon (molecule containing only
carbon and hydrogen atoms) reacts with oxygen. The
products of combustion are always carbon dioxide and water.
Examples of combustion reactions:
•The general form is: hydrocarbon + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water
•CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
•C7H16 + 11O2 7CO2 + 8H2O
When something burns, it combines
with oxygen. While this is actually
"rapid" oxidation, it is often referred to
as combustion.
Example:
4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
Identify the "type" for each reaction below:
1. Ca + O CaO
2. Br + LiI LiBr + I
3. Al + Fe(NO3)2 Al(NO3)3 + Fe
4. MgO + HCl MgCl2 + H2O
5. C4H10 + O2 CO2 + H2O
• NH4NO2 NH3 + H2O
1. (NH4)3PO4 + Sr(OH)2
Sr3(PO4)2 + NH4OH
• H2SO4 + NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O
1. Zn + AgNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + Ag
• CuNO3 + KCl KNO3 + CuCl
The oxidation number of an element
indicates the number of electrons gained or
lost when forming compounds.
A positive oxidation number means the atom looses
electrons and a negative oxidation number means the
atom gains electrons.
Chemical equations
• CO2 + H2O H2CO3
Reactants product
is read as “ yields” or “produces”
+ is read as “ reacts with” on the left
hand side of the equation
Chemical equations
• Reactants are the materials that react
– Written on the left hand side of the equation
• Products are the substances that are produced
•Written on the right hand side of the
equation
Chemical equations
• Symbols used
– l (liquid)
– g (gas)
– s (solid)
– aq (dilute solutions)
energy
– Catalyst catalyst
Balanced equation
• H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l)
•H2(g)+ O2(g) 2H2O(l)
Balancing chemical equation
Fe2O3 + CO Fe + CO2
Reactants Products
Fe 2 1
C 1 1
O 4 2
Balancing chemical equation
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
Reactants Products
Fe 2 2
C 3 3
O 6 6
Problem 3
• (NH4)3 PO4 + KCl NH4Cl + K3PO4
What makes chemical reactions
occur?
• Iron rusts, paint fades, food decays, salt
dissolves in water, and gases mix
homogeneously
– All are natural or spontaneous processes – they
occur on their own.
– Processes which do not occur on their own are
called nonspontaneous.
What makes chemical reactions occur?
• All systems change spontaneously to
become more stable – this happens when
• They lose energy
• Their particles become more
disorderly
•The change is highly spontaneous when both
conditions are present
Reaction rates
Chemical reactions require
varying lengths of time for
completion, depending upon
the characteristics of the
reactants and products and
the conditions under which
the reaction is taking place.
• “For a chemical reaction to occur
between two substances, their
molecules must collide (interact)
with sufficient energy to overcome
any force of repulsion between
electron clouds.”
Activation energy
• The minimum amount of energy required
for collision to produce a successful
reaction.
What factors affect the rate of a
reaction?
The nature of reactants
these are the chemical
properties of the substances
Activity series of common metals
Li
K
Ba release H
Sr always from cold
Ca found water
Na in
Mg combined
Be form release H
Al release H from acids
Mn from steam
Zn
Cr
Fe
Cd
Co rarely
Ni found
Sn free in
Pb nature
H
Sb no reaction
Bi with water
As do not release
Cu H from acids
Hg
Ag frequently
Pt found free
Au in nature
What factors affect the rate of a reaction?
1. The concentration of the reactants. The more concentrated the faster the rate (note in some cases
the rate may be unaffected by the concentration of a particular reactant provided it is present at a
minimum concentration). Remember for gasses, increasing the pressure simply increases the
concentration so that's the same thing.
2. Temperature. Usually reactions speed up with increasing temperature ("10 0C rise doubles rate").
3. Physical state of reactants. Powders react faster than blocks - greater surface area and since the
reaction occurs at the surface we get a faster rate.
4. The presence (and concentration/physical form) of a catalyst (or inhibitor). A catalyst speeds up a
reaction, an inhibitor slows it down. Check your class notes - there should be a graph with the
effect of various catalysts upon the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide; draw it in below.
5. Light. Light of a particular wavelength may also speed up a reaction - refer to your organic
chemistry notes for reaction of alkanes with halogens.
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