TYPES OF FLOW
Two criteria :-
A TIME AS THE CRITERION
(i) Steady Flow
Depth of flow does not change with time
(ii) Unsteady Flow
Depth of flow changes with time
B SPACE AS THE CRITERION
(i) Uniform Flow
Depth of flow is same at every section of channel
(ii) Non – Uniform Flow
Depth of flow changes along of channel section
TYPES OF FLOW
.... Cont ‘
B SPACE AS THE CRITERION
(iii) Rapidly Varied Flow
Depth of flow changes abruptly over a comparatively
short distance (e.g : Hydraulic jump)
(iv) Gradually Varied Flow
Depth of flow changes gradually over a comparatively
long distance
C COMBINATION OF TWO CRITERION
(i) Steady Uniform
(ii) Steady Rapidly Varied
(iii) Steady Gradually Varied
TYPES OF FLOW
.... Cont ‘
C COMBINATION OF TWO CRITERION
(iv) Unsteady Rapidly Varied
(v) Unsteady Gradually Varied
Note : Unsteady Uniform
Open Channel Flow Flow – Not exist
Steady Flow Unsteady Flow
Uniform Flow Non – Uniform Flow
Rapidly Varied Flow Gradually Varied Flow
Figure 9.1 : Types of flow in open channel
STATE OF FLOW
Influenced by three factors :-
Inertial Force
Viscosity Force
Gravity Force
A EFFECT OF INERTIAL & VISCOSITY FORCES
Inertial Force
Reynolds Number (R e )
Viscosity Force
or represent as :-
vR vR
Re
…. 9.1
STATE OF FLOW
.... Cont ‘
where ;
v = Velocity (m/s)
= Dynamic viscosity (N.s/m2)
= Water density (1000 kg/m3)
= Kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
R = Hydraulic radius (m)
A
R
P …. 9.2
State of flow ( based on Reynolds Number ) :-
(i) Re 500 Laminar Flow
Flow : Slow & Shallow
Slippery surface
STATE OF FLOW
.... Cont ‘
Con’t .. State of flow ( based on Reynolds Number ) :-
(ii) Re 12500 Turbulent Flow
Flow : Normally occurred in open channel
(iii) 500 Re 12500 Transitional Flow
STATE OF FLOW
.... Cont ‘
B EFFECT OF INERTIAL & GRAVITY FORCES
Inertial Force
Froude Number (Fr )
Gravity Force
or represent as :-
v
Fr
gD …. 9.3
where ;
v = Velocity (m/s)
g = Earth’s gravity (m/s2)
D = Hydraulic depth (m)
A
D …. 9.4
T
STATE OF FLOW
.... Cont ‘
State of flow ( based on Froude Number ) :-
(i) Fr = 1 Critical Flow
(ii) Fr < 1 Sub Critical Flow
Flow in slow condition
(iii) Fr >1 Super Critical Flow
Flow in turbulent condition
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
Three types of channel :-
A NATURAL CHANNEL
Figure 9.2 : Natural channel
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont ‘
B ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL
Figure 9.3 : Artificial channel
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont ‘
C PRISMATIC CHANNEL
Uniform cross section & slope at whole channel
length.
Usually artificial channel.
CHANNEL GEOMETRY ELEMENT
y = Depth of water (m)
T = Top width water surface (m)
B = Base width water surface (m)
P = Wetted perimeter (m)
A = Wetted area (m2)
R = Hydraulic radius R = A/P (m)
D = Hydraulic depth D = A/T (m)
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont ‘
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
y
P
Figure 9.4 : Channel geometric element
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont ‘
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
I SIDES SLOPE, Z
1
z
Figure 9.5 : Channel’s sides slope
Note : If slope, = 45 z = 1
( z at left & right side is same )
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont ‘
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
II CHANNEL SLOPE, So ( unit less )
Figure 9.5 : Channel’s sides slope
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont ‘
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
III RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN v & Q
Q AV …. 9.5
where ;
Q = Discharge or flow rate (m3/s)
v = Velocity (m/s)
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont ‘
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
DERIVATION OF CHANNEL FORMULA
1 2 3
y 1 1
L
z z
Figure 9.6 : Derivation of channel formula
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont ‘
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
From Figure 9.6 :
T = Top width water surface
T B 2zy
A = Wetted area
A = Area 1 + Area 2 + Area 3
1 1
A zy y B y zy y
2 2
A By zy 2
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont ‘
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
Con’t …. From Figure 9.6 :
P = Wetted perimeter
L y 2 zy 2
L y 2 z 2y 2
L y2 1 z2
L y 1 z2
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont ‘
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
Con’t …. From Figure 9.6 :
P = Wetted perimeter
therefore ;
P B 2L
P B 2y 1 z 2
Note :
Use this trapezoidal formula (A, T & P) to find formulae for
rectangular & triangular shape.
For Rectangular z =0
for Triangular B =0
.... Cont ‘ CHANNEL GEOMETRY
To sum up .. Table 9.1 : Channel’s geometric elements
SHAPE A T P
T
y
By B B + 2y
B
zy 2
2zy 2y 1 z 2
1 1 y
z z
1
z z
1 y
By + zy2 B + 2zy B 2y 1 z 2
B
d2 d
T
( sin ) sin
d
8 2 2
d
y
( in radian ) ( in angle ) ( in radian )
Let’s take a break!!!
EXAMPLE 9.1
Based on the figure given find :-
i) Top width water surface (T), wetted area (A), wetted perimeter (P) & hydraulic radius
(R).
ii) If Q = 2.4 m3/s, determine the flow state.
iii) If inclined length (L) = 50 m, find the cost to construct this channel (Given excavation
cost = RM 3/m3 and lining cost = RM 5/m2)
.... Cont ‘
1m
2m
60
3m
SOLUTION:
Given:-
B=3m
y=2m
t = 3 m ( channel height) )
SOLUTION
Find z value first :
1
tan 60
z
1
1
60 z 0.5774
tan 60
z
Therefore ;
(i) Top width water surface, T
T B 2zy
T 3 ( 2)(0.5774)( 2)
T 5.3096 m
SOLUTION .... Cont ‘
(i) Wetted area, A
A By zy 2
A ( 3)( 2) (0.5774)( 2) 2
A 8.3096 m 2
(i) Wetted perimeter, P
P B 2y 1 z 2
P 3 ( 2)( 2) 1 (0.5774) 2
P 7.6189 m
SOLUTION .... Cont ‘
(i) Hydraulic radius, R
A
R
P
8.3096
R
7.6159
R 1.091 m
(ii) State of flow
v
Fr
gD
SOLUTION .... Cont ‘
(ii) Con’t …. State of flow
Find v & D first :
Q
v
A
2.4
v 0.2888 m/s
8.3096
A
D
T
8.3096
D
5.3096
D 1.5650 m
SOLUTION .... Cont ‘
(ii) Con’t …. State of flow
Thus ;
v
Fr
gD
0.2888
Fr
(9.81)(1.565)
Fr 0.074 1 Sub critical flow
(iii) Construction cost
Construction cost includes :-
(a) Excavation cost
(b) Lining cost
SOLUTION .... Cont ‘
(iii) Con’t …. Construction cost
(a) Excavation cost
Excavation volume AL
Excavation volume Bt zt 2 (L)
Excavation volume ( 3) ( 3) ( 0.5774) ( 3) 2 (50)
Excavation volume 709.83 m 3
Therefore ;
RM 3
Excavation cost 709.83 m 3
m3
Excavation cost RM 2129.49
SOLUTION .... Cont ‘
(iii) Con’t …. Construction cost
(b) Lining cost
Lining area PL
Lining area B 2t 1 z 2 ( L )
Lining area 3 (2)(3) 1 (0.5774) 2 (50)
Lining area 496.42 m 2
Therefore ;
RM 5
Lining cost 496.42 m 2
m2
Lining cost RM 2482.09
SOLUTION .... Cont ‘
(iii) Con’t …. Construction cost or overall cost
Hence ;
Construction cost Excavation cost Lining cost
Construction cost RM 2129.49 RM 2482.09
Construction cost RM 4611.58
EXAMPLE 9.2
Water flows 0.8 m depth inside a 1.2 m
diameter culvert. Calculate top width water
surface (T), wetted area (A), wetted
perimeter (P) and hydraulic radius (R).
SOLUTION:
Given:-
y = 0.8 m
d = 1.2 m
T ?? A?? P?? R??
SOLUTION
Find value first :
0.6 m
1.2 m 0.2 m
0.8 m
180 2
Where ;
0.2
sin 1 19.47
0.6
SOLUTION .... Cont ‘
Con’t …. Find value first :
Thus ;
180 ( 2)(19.47 )
218.94 convert into radian 3.8213
Therefore ;
(i) Top width water surface, T
T d sin
2
218.94
T (1.2) sin
2
T 1.131 m
SOLUTION .... Cont ‘
(ii) Wetted area, A
d2
A sin
8
1.2 2
A 3.8213 sin 218.94
8
A 0.801 m 2
(iii) Wetted perimeter, P
d
P
2
( 3.8213)(1.2)
P
2
P 2.293 m
SOLUTION .... Cont ‘
(iv) Hydraulic radius, R
A
R
P
0.801
R
2.293
R 0.349 m
DISCHARGE FORMULA
Several discharge formula includes :
Q AC RS o Chezy formula …. 9.6
2
1
Q AR 3 S o Manning formula
n …. 9.7
Most popular !!
Where ;
A = Channel area (m2)
C = Chezy’s coefficient (m0.5/s)
n = Manning’s coefficient
R = Hydraulic radius (m)
So = Channel slope
.... Cont ‘ DISCHARGE FORMULA
TYPES OF CHANNEL SURFACE MANNING VALUE, n
Natural Channel:
i) Clean and Straight 0.030
ii) Vegetation 0.100
iii) Mountain River 0.040 – 0.050
Artificial Channel:
i) Earth ground (clean) 0.022
ii) Earth ground (vegetation) 0.027 – 0.035
iii) Cement (plane / smooth) 0.011
iv) Cement (mortar) 0.013
v) Concrete 0.017
vi) Stone (covered) 0.013
vii) Masonry (inside cement mortar) 0.015
viii) Aspalt (smooth) 0.013
ix) Aspalt (rough) 0.016
x) Steel 0.012
xi) Reap Wood 0.012
xii) Unreap Wood 0.013
EXAMPLE 9.3
Water flows inside trapezoidal channel having
sides slope 1.5, base width 2.5 m, channel
slope 0.0016 and Manning’s coefficient 0.012.
If normal depth inside the channel is 3 m, what
is the discharge?
SOLUTION:
Given:-
z = 1.5
B = 2.5 m
So = 0.0016
n = 0.012
yo = 3 m
Q ???
SOLUTION
Sketch of the problem :-
3m 1
1.5
2.5 m
SOLUTION .... Cont ‘
From Manning’s formula :
2
1
Q AR 3 S o
n
Find A & R ;
A By zy 2
A ( 2.5)( 3) (1.5)( 3)2
A 21 m 2
SOLUTION .... Cont ‘
P B 2y 1 z 2
P 2.5 ( 2)( 3) 1 (1.5)2
P 13.32 m
Thus ;
A
R
P
21
R
13.32
R 1.577 m
Therefore ;
1
Q ( 21)(1.577 ) 2 3 0.0016
0.012
Q 94.84 m 3 /s
APPLICATION OF NORMAL DEPTH
Normal depth determination approaches :
Trial & Error
Graph
Only this part will be
Chart focused in this course !!
APPLICATION OF NORMAL DEPTH
.... Cont ‘
CHART METHOD
Section factor, Zo is divided with B8/3 ( B = Channel width )
or d8/3 ( D = Channel diameter )
Limited if channel is triangular
Formula used :-
2
AR 3 nQ Rectangular &
8 8 Trapezoidal shape
B3 SoB 3 …. 9.8
2
AR 3 nQ
Circular shape
8 8
do 3 Sodo 3 …. 9.9
APPLICATION OF NORMAL DEPTH
.... Cont ‘
nQ
So B 8 3
Figure 9.7 : Determination of normal depth using chart method
EXAMPLE 9.4
Water flows through rectangular channel at
10 m3/s having base width 6 m, channel slope
0.0001 and Manning’s coefficient 0.013. Find
normal depth using chart method ?
SOLUTION:
Given:-
Q = 10 m3/s
B =6m
So = 0.0001
n = 0.013
yo ???
SOLUTION .... Cont ‘
Find value at x - axis :-
2
AR 3 nQ
8 8
B3 SoB 3
Consider at left side equation :-
nQ (0.013)(10)
8
(0.0001)(6)8 3
SoB 3
nQ
1.19 (value at x - axis)
8
SoB 3
SOLUTION .... Cont ‘
Refer design chart (Figure 9.7), at value of :-
nQ yo
1.19 (x - axis) ; 2.0 (y - axis)
8 B
So B 3
Solve by substituting B = 6 m , hence normal depth, yo :-
yo
2.0
B
y o ( 2.0)(6)
y o 12.0 m
BEST EFFECTIVE SECTION
Shape that will be studied :
Rectangular
Trapezoidal
Triangular
?
BEST EFFECTIVE SECTION
What
is
Effective Section
BEST EFFECTIVE SECTION
.... Cont ‘
BEST EFFECTIVE SECTION Can convey Discharge
maximum (Qmax) or Hydraulic Radius maximum (Rmax) with
Wetted Perimeter minimum (Pmin)
How it is derived ??? P is differentiated from Manning
formula.
2
1
Q AR 3 S o Note :
n A, n & So value - fix
5
1 A3
Q So
n 2
P3
P
☺ Attempt to get Q max Pmin P min 0
y
BEST EFFECTIVE SECTION
.... Cont ‘
Advantages of P minimum :
Reduced flow friction
Reduced construction cost
How to determine best effective section ???
Get P equation in P P
0
y value y y
BEST EFFECTIVE SECTION
.... Cont ‘
To sum up …. (this formula need to remember !!)
AREA WETTED HYDRAULIC TOP WIDTH
SHAPE PERIMETER RADIUS
(A) (P) (R) (T)
2 y
Rectangular 2y 4y 2y
2
y 2
Triangular y2 2y 2 2y
4
y 4y 3
Trapezoidal y 2
3 2y 3
2 3
z 1/ 3 For another z or sides slope angle use this formula
@ = 60 B 2y 1 z 2 2zy
to get new A value
EXAMPLE 9.5
Water flows 14.5 m3/s inside rectangular
channel having channel slope 0.002 and
Manning’s coefficient 0.017. Find the best
effective section for this channel.
SOLUTION:
Given:-
So = 0.002
n = 0.017
Q = 14.5 m3/s
B ?? ... y ??
SOLUTION
Characteristics of best effective section for rectangular
shape :-
2 y
A 2y R
2
From Manning’s formula :
2
1
Q AR 3 S o
n
Rearrange equation (A&R) – contain y value at left side,
while n,Q & So at right side :
SOLUTION .... Cont ‘
23 nQ
AR
So … (i)
Substitute A & R best effective formula (rectangular)
into (i) :
2
2y 2 2
y 3
nQ
So
2
3
8 2 (0.017) (14.5)
y3
( 2) 0.002
SOLUTION .... Cont ‘
Therefore :
y = 1.74 m
Known that :
A By
A
B
y
2y 2
B
y
(2)(1.74)2
B 3.48 m
1.74
EXAMPLE 9.6
Water flows 3.45 m3/s inside trapezoidal
channel having sides slopes angle 45, channel
slope 1:1200 and Manning’s coefficient 0.014.
Find the best effective section for this channel.
SOLUTION:
Given:-
Q = 3.45 m3/s
Sides angle = 45 z = 1
So = 1 : 1200
n = 0.014
B ?? ... y ??
SOLUTION
Characteristics of best effective section (BES) for trapezoidal
shape ( z = 1) Cannot use normal BES trapezoidal formula :-
y
A ??? R
2
Find A from this formula :
A By zy 2 …. (i)
Find B by substitute z = 1 into the following formula:
2
B 2y 1 z 2zy This formula is derived
from T = 2L
SOLUTION
B 2y 1 z 2 2zy
B 2y 1 12 ( 2)(1)( y )
B 0.8284y
…. (ii)
Substitute B = 0.8284y into (i)
A By zy 2
A (0.8284y )( y ) (1)( y 2 )
A 1.8284y 2
Therefore BES (trapezoidal) characteristics
for z = 1 are:-
2 y
A 1.8284y R
2
SOLUTION .... Cont ‘
Using this equation :
23 nQ
AR
So … (iii)
Substitute A & R best effective formula (trapezoidal)
into (iii) :
2
1.8284y
2 y 3 nQ
2 S
o
2
3
2 (0.014) (3.45)
8
y3
1
(1.8284)
1200
SOLUTION .... Cont ‘
Therefore :
y = 1.150 m
Known that :
B 0.8284y
B (0.8284)(1.150)
B 0.953 m
TIME’S UP …
THANK YOU