SYSTEMS
CLASSIFICATION OF
SYSTEMS
CONTINIOUS TIME AND DISCREATE TIME
LUMPED PARAMETER AND DISTRIBUTED
STATIC AND DYNAMIC
CAUSAL AND NONCAUSAL
LINEAR AND NONLINEAR
TIME-INVARIANT AND TIME VARIANT
STABLE AND UNSTABLE
CONTINIOUS TIME AND
DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS
CTS
X(t) Y(t)
y(t) = T [x(t)]
X(n)
DTS
Y(n)
y(n) = T [x(n)]
3
• A continuous time system is one which
operates on a continuous time signal
and produces a continuous time output
signal .
• Similarly define discrete
Lumped parameter and
distributed parameter
Lumped
Distributed
Lumped
>Each component is lumped at one point in space
>described by ordinary differential equations
Distributed
>signals are functions of space as well as time
> described by partial differential eqn s
Static and dynamic
• Static = Memory-less (depends on the
input at that instant )
y(t)=x2(t)
y(t)=nx(n)
• Dynamic= with memory
y(t)=dx(t)/d(t)
Find whether the following systems
are dynamic or not ?
DYNAMIC
1) Y(t)=x(t-2)
2) Y(n)=x(n+2) DYNAMIC
STATIC
3) Y(t)= x2(t)
CAUSAL AND NON
CAUSAL SYTEMS
• Causal- output depends on the present and
past inputs
y(t)=x(t)+x(t-2)
y(n)=nx(n)+x(n-3)
• Non-causal – whose output depends on
future values
y(t)=x(2t)
y(n)= x2(n) +x(n+3)
Check whether the following
systems are causal or not ?
a) y(n)=x(n) + 1/[x(n-1)] CAUSAL
CAUSAL
b) y(t) = x (t) + x(t-2)
2
NON-CAUSAL
c) y(t)= x(t-2) +x(2-t)
LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR
SYSTEMS
• LINEAR – A system that obeys
superposition principle
T[ax 1(t)+bx2 (t)]= aT[ax1(t)] +bt[x2 (t)]
Similarly for DT linear system,
T[ax (t)+bx (t)]= aT[ax (t)] +bt[x (t)]
1 2 1 2
Check whether the following
systems are linear or not
2 LINEAR
• dy/dt +3ty(t) = t x(t)
2
• dy(t)/dt + 2y(t) = x (t) NOT
LINEAR
• y(n)=nx(n)
Time invariant and time variant
systems
• Time invariant – input and output do
not change with time
CTS
x(t) y(t)
If x(t)=x(t-1), then y(t)=y(t-1)
Example
constants
Since coefficients are constants, its
an LTI system.
Not an LTI system
Solved Example
• y(t)=t.x(t)
y(t)= T[x(t)]=tx(t)
The output due to delayed input is
y(t,T) = T[x(t-T) ]= tx(t-T)
If the output is delayed T seconds
y(t-T) = (t-T)x(t-T)
Y(t,T) ≠y(t-T) TV
• y(t)= ex(t)
y(t)= T[x(t)]= ex(t)
The output due to delayed input is
y(t,T) = T[x(t-T) ]=ex(t-T)
If the output is delayed T seconds
y(t-T) = ex(t-T)
Y(t,T) =y(t-T)
Check whether the following
systems are linear or not
y(t) = x(t) cos50πt
TV
y(t) = x(-t)
TV
y(n) = x(2n) TV
Stable and unstable systems