CE-UG-2018
Spring FEB-JUN 2020
References:
Fluid Mechanics With Engineering Applications by E
Jhon Finnemore and Joseph B Franzina
Fluid Mechanics by John F Douglas,Janusz M. Gasiorek,
John A Swaffield and Lynne B Jack
Simple Pipe Systems
Three basic types:
1-Pipes in series
2- Pipes in parallel
3- Branching pipes
Pipes in Parallel
In the case of flow through two or
more parallel pipes, as shown in fig,
the continuity and energy equations
establish the following relations
which must be satisfied.
4
Pipes in Parallel
given
(a) Find the flow rates in each pipe ?
(b) Find the pressure head at C, do from the book 5
Pipes in Parallel
Energy eq. between points on free surface and just exit of plipe line C, sealing pipe B
hfA hfc
(1)
Head loss Eq. for (2)
parallel pipes
(3)
6
Pipes in Parallel
7
Incompressible Flow through pipes in Parallel
Example:
Two sharp-ended pipes of diameter d1=50mm, and d2=100mm, each of
length l=100m, are connected in parallel between two reservoirs which have
a difference of level h=10m, as shown. If the Darcy coefficient f= .032 for each
pipe, calculate:
a. The rate of flow for each pipe.
b. The diameter D of a single pipe 100m long that would give the same flow if it
was substituted for the original two pipes.
The diameter D of a single pipe 100m long that would give the same flow if it was
substituted for the original two pipes.
(b) [Link] -3 Pipe flow problem
Solution Steps: (a)
1. Since the two pipes are in parallel, we can deal with each pipe independently and apply the
steady flow energy equation between points A and B on the free surfaces of the upper and
lower reservoirs, respectively.
2. For flow by way of pipe 1, write the energy equation between A and B
3. The total head loss would be the sum of pipe-friction, loss entrance loss and discharge loss.
4. PA=PB=atmospheric pressure and , vA and vB will be negligible, re-arrange the above equation.
5. Find the velocity using the above equation.
6. Find the volume flow rate, through pipe-1.
7. For flow by way of pipe 2, write the energy equation between A and B.
8. The total head loss would be the sum of pipe-friction, loss entrance loss and discharge loss.
9. PA=PB=atmospheric pressure and , vA and vB will be negligible, re-arrange the above equation.
10. Find the velocity using the above equation.
11. Find the volume flow rate, through pipe-2.
1. Replacing the two pipes by the equivalent single pipe that will convey the
same total flow.
2. Volume flow rate of flow through single pipe would be equal to the sum of
volume flow rate of the individual pipes.
3. Find the velocity in single pipe in terms of D.
4. Apply the steady flow energy equation between A and B and form the
equation in terms of D.
5. Use trial and error for precise value of D.
Incompressible Flow Through Branching Pipes – or The Three Reservoir
Problem
Flow Direction
Continuity Equation
Elevation of Imaginary reservoir P
Problems cases and solutions
Branching Pipes – The Three Reservoir
Problem
[Link]
UTB-A
3
2
3
Case-1
Problem
CASE-2
Try
Incompressible Flow Through Branching Pipes –
The Three Reservoir Problem
Problem: Water flows from reservoir A through a pipe of diameter d1
= 120 mm and length l1 = 120 m to a junction at D, from which a pipe
of diameter d2 = 75 mm and length l2 = 60 m leads to reservoir B in
which the water level is 16 m below that in reservoir A. A third pipe,
of diameter d3 = 60mm and length l3 = 40 m, leads from D to
reservoir C, in which water level is 24 m below that in reservoir A.
Taking f = 0.04 for all the pipes and neglecting all losses other than
those due to friction, determine the volume rates of flow in each pipe
Incompressible Flow Through Branching Pipes –
The Three Reservoir Problem
Solution:
Form an energy equation from A to B (neglecting the minor loss)
Substituting the values and write an equation in terms of v1 and v2
Form an energy equation for flow from A to C
Substituting the values and write an equation in terms of v1 and v3
For continuity of flow
Flow through AD = Flow through DB + Flow through DC
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
Form an equation in terms of v1,v2 and v3 using the above continuity equation
Solve the three simultaneous equation for v1,v2 and v3.
