ADMS 2511

Management Information Systems

Session 4
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Why is data management so
important?
 What is Big data? From: The Economist 2012http://
[Link]/watch?v=ahZGEusG13A

 Microsoft illustrates what can be done with its business

intelligence tools, including SQL Server (query language)
[Link]

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 Session 4 (and Chapter 5)
Learning Objectives
4.1 Describe the difficulties of managing data
4.2 Explain how data governance is facilitated by master data
management
4.3 Types of data; Use the data hierarchy; build E-R (entity
relationship) diagrams
4.4 Explain characteristics of relational DBMS and its tools
4.5 Explain nature of big data, data warehouses and data
marts, advantages and disadvantages and role in data mining
4.6 Describe the KMS cycle and discuss types of knowledge
Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017 3
 Data source examples

Credit card swipes RFID tags Digital video

surveillance

E-mails Radiology Blog

scans 4 s
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 What can “go wrong” with
data?
 It can be ….
 Lost
 Copied
 Erased
 Changed
 Have multiple copies (that are
slightly different!)
 Hard to find
 Overwhelming!

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Data quality problems almost cost Library
and Archives Canada $200,000
 Library and Archives Canada wanted to buy an old
map worth $200,000
 Then, they found that they already had two copies!
 Culprits: translation errors, incomplete data entry
and data entry errors

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 Difficulties of managing data: provide
an example for each

1. Amount of data increases exponentially with time

2. Data is scattered due to collection and storage methods

3. It is generated from multiple sources (existing and new)

4. Data degrades over time

5. Data media rots

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 Difficulties of managing data:
(continued) provide an example for each
6. Data security, quality or integrity may be compromised

7. Legal requirements need to be met; updates to data storage

methods or management procedures result from legal changes

8. Legacy IT systems may result in repetition (redundancy) or

data conflicts

Solutions to these difficulties include effective data

governance.

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 Session 4 (and Chapter 5)
Learning Objectives
4.1 Describe the difficulties of managing data
4.2 Explain how data governance is facilitated by
master data management
4.3 Types of data; Use the data hierarchy; build E-R (entity
relationship) diagrams
4.4 Explain characteristics of relational DBMS and its tools
4.5 Explain nature of big data, data warehouses and data marts,
advantages and disadvantages and role in data mining
4.6 Describe the KMS cycle and discuss types of knowledge
Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017 9
 Data includes: transaction
data and master data
 Transaction data represents activities or events, such as
payroll cheque, customer invoice; transaction data is stored
in transaction files or as tables in a database
 Master files (master data) are semi-permanent data, such
as employee name, address, customer name, customer
credit limit. Master data is stored in a master file, in a
database, or in tables. Video explanation:
[Link]

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 Role of data governance
 Data governance (a subset of IT governance)
 Planned approach to data management for all
types of data
 Master data management is a subset of this. It
focuses on consistent use of master data.
 Involves the entire organization
 It is management of the creation, collection,
handling and protection of information
Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017 11
Legislation can affect data archiving requirements

 Legislative that has an effect on data storage and security:

 In Canada, PIPEDA (Personal Information Protection and
Electronic Documents Act) came into effect January 1,
2004
 In the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley July 2002
 Canada’s anti-spam legislation in effect July 1, 2014
means tracking specific consent to send emails
[Link]

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 Let’s do Practice Question
#1
 Read Case 5.1, Data problems at Target Canada, p. 116
 For best results, do the practice problem before looking at
the answers.
 Answers will be posted after the classroom sections are
completed working on the problems.

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Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017
 Session 4 (and Chapter 5)
Learning Objectives
4.1 Describe the difficulties of managing data

4.2 Explain how data governance is facilitated by master data

management

4.3 Types of data; Use the data hierarchy; build E-R (entity
relationship) diagrams
4.4 Explain characteristics of relational DBMS and its tools

4.5 Explain nature of big data, data warehouses and data marts, advantages
and disadvantages and role in data mining

4.6 Describe the KMS cycle and discuss types of knowledge

Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017 14
 Data Hierarchy, Fig 5.2, p. 121
 Bit (pixel for images)
 Byte = character
 Field = attribute
 Record = entity
 File = table
 Database = groups of tables or groups of files

[Note, these are not really equal, but are similar.]

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 Data design for database and file-based
systems (Refer to p. 121-123)
Data term for Examples Data term for file-
database systems based systems

Attribute Carolyn Field

Primary key OR 111222333 (unique Same: Primary key

identifier (a special student number) (a special kind of
kind of attribute) field)

Secondary key (a Jones (last name) Same: Secondary

special type of key (a special kind
attribute) of field)

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 Data design for database and file-based
systems (continued)

Data term for Examples Data term for file-

database systems based systems
Entity or instance 111222333, Carolyn Record
(information about Jones, 41 Alpha
one student) Street, Toronto,
M3S 6T9
Entity class (or (all of the File or flat file (or
table) information for a table)
particular entity
type)

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 E-R Modeling: Fig. 5A.1,
Cardinality symbols

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 E-R Modelling: Fig. 5A.2 One-to-one
and Fig 5A.3 One-to-many relationships

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 E-R Modelling, Fig. 5A.4 Many-to-
many relationship

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 E-R diagram models document what is
happening with data

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 E-R diagram steps
 Read the description of the entity classes (table names,
attribute names, relationships, e.g. 1:1 or 1:M or M:M)
 Rectangles lable the entity class
 Diamonds link classes
 Show the relationship (e.g. 1:M) on both sides of the
diamonds and with narrative

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 Entity-relationship diagram practice
for a movie database
 Movies have: title, year of release, length (minutes), genre (e.g. comedy,
action), directors, actors, rating (e.g. Pg, A), studio

 Studios (name and address) produce one or more movies

 Actors (name and date of birth): roles in one or more movies

 Directors (name and date of birth) direct one or more movies

 Videos explaining how to do E-R diagrams

[Link] or
[Link]

A. List the attributes

B. Indicate the relationships (1:1, 1:M, M:1 or M:M)

C. Draw the E-R Diagram 23

Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017
 Session 4 (and Chapter 5)
Learning Objectives
4.1 Describe the difficulties of managing data

4.2 Explain how data governance is facilitated by master data

management

4.3 Types of data; Use the data hierarchy; build E-R (entity
relationship) diagrams

4.4 Explain characteristics of relational DBMS and its tools

4.5 Explain nature of big data, data warehouses and data marts,
advantages and disadvantages and role in data mining

4.6 Describe the KMS cycle and discuss types of knowledge

Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017 24
 Traditional (Functional)
File Environment
 Data in older functional (legacy) systems is organized
functionally (by application), usually sequentially and “flat”
 Advantages include:
 Simplicity of operation and implementation
 Faster processing speeds
 Example: Monthly payroll

Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017 25

 Advantages of Database
Management Systems (Fig. 5.1, p. 120)
 Reduces data redundancy  Increases data integrity
 Provides data independence  Security over data can be
improved
 Reduces data inconsistency

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 Disadvantages of Database Management
Systems

 More complex (and costly) to set up and

maintain.
 Complex structures may be slower for
processing high volume periodic
transaction updates
 How Information Builders is leading
York Regional Police into the 21st
Century, by Emin Wood, March 2, 2017,
[Link], explains the
importance of data consistency
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Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017
 Using the relational
database model (Appendix)
 Based on linked two-dimensional tables
 Comprises:
 Query language (SQL or QBE)
 Data dictionary
 Normalization process
 Database joins
 How would our student information be organized in a
relational table?
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Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017
Let’s do Practice Question
#2

Review Case 5.1, Data problems at Target Canada, p. 116
 For best results, do the practice problem before looking at
the answers.
 Answers will be posted after the classroom sections are
completed working on the problems.

Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017 29

 Session 4 (and Chapter 5)
Learning Objectives
4.1 Describe the difficulties of managing data

4.2 Explain how data governance is facilitated by master data

management

4.3 Types of data; Use the data hierarchy; build E-R (entity
relationship) diagrams

4.4 Explain characteristics of relational DBMS and its tools

4.5 Explain nature of big data, data warehouses and data

marts, advantages and disadvantages and role in data
mining
4.6 Describe the KMS cycle and discuss types of knowledge
Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017 30
 Big Data
Definition: diverse, high-volume, high velocity information assets that require new
forms of processing to enable enhanced decision-making, insight discovery and
process optimization

 Characteristics: Volume, velocity, variety

 Issues: untrusted sources, “dirtiness,” changes especially in
data streams
 Managing: requires data integration (e.g. using data
warehouses), effective query and business intelligence tools
(Chapter 12, Session 11), and the ability to handle both
structured and unstructured data

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 What is a data warehouse?
Def’n: a repository of historical data that are organized by subject to
support decision makers

 A specialized form of database

 An architectural structure that defines how historical
data is stored
 Linking components of the data warehouse via data
communications increases the scope of data available
Def’n of data mart: a lower cost, scaled down version of a data
warehouse that is designed for the needs of a strategic business unit
or individual department

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Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017
 Data warehouse framework, Fig. 5.4, p. 132

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Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017
 Advantages of data warehouses

 Data is:
 Organized and consistent
 Integrated (and possibly ‘cleansed’)
 Historical and nonvolatile
 Optimized for access (for OLAP use,
multi-dimensional)

 How does a data mart differ from a

data warehouse?

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Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017
 Disadvantages/constraints of data
warehouses
 VERY costly and complex to establish (hardware, software and people)
 Requires continual maintenance as supporting applications change
 Requires high levels of security to ensure access to authorized users
 Data is NOT the system of record

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Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017
 Session 4 (and Chapter 5)
Learning Objectives
4.1 Describe the difficulties of managing data

4.2 Explain how data governance is facilitated by master data

management

4.3 Types of data; Use the data hierarchy; build E-R (entity
relationship) diagrams

4.4 Explain characteristics of relational DBMS and its tools

4.5 Explain nature of big data, data warehouses and data marts,
advantages and disadvantages and role in data mining

4.6 Describe the KMS cycle and discuss types of knowledge

Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017 36

 Big data in a relationship …
 Big data, TEDxUofM - Jameson Toole - Big Data for
Tomorrow; unusual examples and purposehttp
://[Link]/watch?v=HSVQ5RDBEJs

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Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017
 Data can facilitate wisdom
(data life cycle triangle)
 How do we move up the data life cycle triangle from the initial
data collection?

 Is knowledge currently in emails? Video:

[Link]
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Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017
 Tacit and explicit
knowledge
 Explicit knowledge is more objective, rational and
technical while
 Tacit knowledge is cumulative, more subjective or
experiential
 What is the role of knowledge management systems in
relation to explicit and tacit knowledge?

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 Knowledge management systems
(Fig. 5.8, p. 140)

Why have them? Musical video [Link]

Telus uses SAP Jam for KMS, see
http
://[Link]/news/telus-uses-sap-jam-as-glue-in-corporate-culture-transformation/47101?utm_source=enews&utm_campai
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gn=itbother&utm_medium=
Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017
newsletter
 Let’s do Practice Question
#3
 Read IT’s About Business 5.2, Google’ Knowledge Graph,
p. 127
 For best results, do the practice problem before looking at
the answers.
 Answers will be posted after the classroom sections are
completed working on the problems.

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Copyright I. Splettstoesser, 2017
 Study tip # 4 – Start and
focus now
 Start now, not later. If you have already started, great, do more
now.
 Practice: Sit motionless. What part of you is tense? Relaxed?
Does any part of you want to move? Your body is a complex
system – start at the top of your head and work your way down to
your toes to be methodical. This is faster than going where your
attention is directed. Take ten breaths. Move in a comfortable
way.
 Just as you focused on yourself, you are able to focus on studying.
Take it one step at a time. Start now.

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 What key topics did we
cover today?

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