Aqueous Reactions and
Solution Stoichiometry
Aqueous
Reactions
CDO High School
Solute and solvent
Solute: the substance that is dissolved
in another substance
Solvent: the substance that
something is dissolved into it
Aqueous
Reactions
Concentrated vs Dilute
Concentration: refers to how much solute is dissolved
in the solvent
Concentrated: solutions with a large amount of solute
dissolved in solvent
Dilute: solutions with a small amount of solute
dissolved the solvent Aqueous
Reactions
Molarity
Two solutions can contain the same compounds
but be quite different because the proportions of
those compounds are different.
Molarity is one way to measure the concentration
of a solution.
moles of solute
Molarity (M) =
volume of solution in liters
Aqueous
Reactions
Units of Molarity
2.0 M HCl = 2.0 moles HCl
1 L HCl solution
6.0 M HCl = 6.0 moles HCl
1 L HCl solution
Aqueous
Reactions
LecturePLUS Timberlake 5
Molarity Calculation
NaOH is used to remove potato peels commercially.
If 4.0 g NaOH are used to make 500. mL of NaOH
solution, what is the molarity (M) of the solution?
Aqueous
Reactions
LecturePLUS Timberlake 6
Calculating Molarity
1) 4.0 g NaOH ÷ 40.0 g/mol NaOH = 0.10 mole NaOH
2) 500. mL x 1 L _ = 0.500 L
1000 mL
3) 0.10 mole NaOH = 0.20 mole NaOH = 0.20 M NaOH
0.500 L 1L
Aqueous
Reactions
LecturePLUS Timberlake 7
Learning Check M1
A KOH solution with a volume of 400 mL contains
2 mole KOH. What is the molarity of the solution?
o
an
Dr
Aqueous
Reactions
LecturePLUS Timberlake 8
Learning Check M2
A glucose solution with a volume of 2.0 L contains
72 g glucose (C6H12O6). If glucose has a molar mass
of 180. g/mole, what is the molarity of the glucose
solution?
Aqueous
Reactions
LecturePLUS Timberlake 9
Learning Check M3
Stomach acid is a 0.10 M HCl solution. How many
moles of HCl are in 1500 mL of stomach acid solution?
Aqueous
Reactions
LecturePLUS Timberlake 10
Learning Check M4
How many grams of KCl are present in 2.5 L of 0.50
M KCl?
Aqueous
Reactions
LecturePLUS Timberlake 11
Solution M4
3)
2.5 L x 0.50 mole x 74.6 g KCl = 93 g KCl
1L 1 mole KCl
Aqueous
Reactions
LecturePLUS Timberlake 12
Learning Check M5
How many milliliters of stomach acid, which is 0.10 M
HCl, contain 0.15 mole HCl?
Aqueous
Reactions
LecturePLUS Timberlake 13
Learning Check M6
How many grams of NaOH are required to prepare
400. mL of 3.0 M NaOH solution?
Aqueous
Reactions
LecturePLUS Timberlake 14
Solution Stoichiometry
The majority of work in research and industry involves
solutions. Recall that solutions are easy to handle and
are usually easier to control in reactions.
Solution stoichiometry – the procedure for calculating
the molar concentration or volume of solution products
or reactants
Aqueous
Reactions
Mass
A
Volume (g) Volume
A B
÷ Molar Mass
X Molar Mass
÷M
ola B
(L) r ity r i ty (L)
A
Mola
XM
ola
÷
i t yB
r it y X Mole Ratio o lar
A Mole Mole XM
A B ÷V
olu
m eA (mol) X Mole Ratio (mol) m eB
olu
Molarity ÷V
eA
XV
olu Molarity
X Molar Mass
÷ Molar Mass
m me
A V o lu B
X B
(M) (M)
Mass
B
Aqueous
(g) Reactions
Example #1
Ammonia and phosphoric acid solutions are used to
produce ammonium hydrogen phosphate fertilizer. What
volume of 14.8 M NH3(aq) is needed to react with 1000 L of
12.9 M of H3PO4(aq)?
2NH3(aq) + H3PO4(aq) (NH4)2HPO4(aq)
1000 L x 12.9 mol x 2mol ÷ 14.8 mol/L = 1740 L
1L 1mol
Aqueous
Reactions
Example #2
In an experiment, .01000 L sample of sulfuric acid solution reacts
completely with 0.0159 L of 0.150 M potassium hydroxide.
Calculate the concentration of the sulfuric acid.
H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) 2H2O(l) + K2SO4(aq)
0.0159 L x 0.150 mol x 1mol x 1 = 0.119 mol/L
1L 2 mol 0.0100 L
Aqueous
Reactions
Example #3
How many grams of silver chromate will form when 120 mL of
0.500 M silver nitrate are added to potassium chromate?
2 AgNO3(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) Ag2CrO4(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)
Aqueous
Reactions
Example #4
If you mix 200 ml of 0.100 M Pb(NO3)2 and 300 ml of 0.200 M
MgCl2, how much PbCl2 precipitate will you form?
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2MgCl2(aq) PbCl2(s) + Mg(NO3)2(aq)
Aqueous
Reactions
Move to slide 7 of Molarity dilution ppt
Aqueous
Reactions