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Understanding Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors

The document summarizes basic concepts in electronics engineering related to intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. It discusses that intrinsic semiconductors like silicon have poor conductivity at room temperature due to a lack of free electrons. Doping intrinsic semiconductors with impurities can increase conductivity significantly. N-type semiconductors are doped with pentavalent impurities like phosphorus which add free electrons. P-type semiconductors are doped with trivalent impurities like boron which generate holes. The majority carriers in N-type semiconductors are electrons and in P-type semiconductors are holes.

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Tara Nath Poudel
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13 views14 pages

Understanding Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors

The document summarizes basic concepts in electronics engineering related to intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. It discusses that intrinsic semiconductors like silicon have poor conductivity at room temperature due to a lack of free electrons. Doping intrinsic semiconductors with impurities can increase conductivity significantly. N-type semiconductors are doped with pentavalent impurities like phosphorus which add free electrons. P-type semiconductors are doped with trivalent impurities like boron which generate holes. The majority carriers in N-type semiconductors are electrons and in P-type semiconductors are holes.

Uploaded by

Tara Nath Poudel
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Bhadra 9 , 2077

Basic Electronics Engineering

Paschimanchal Campus (IOE), Pokhara

BCE…..BAM First Year / Second Part

Er. Suraj Tulachan


Computer / Elx. & Communication Department
Basic Electronics Engineering
• Pure form of semiconductor is known as Intrinsic
Semiconductor. Eg :- Pure form of Germanium(Ge) , Sillicon
(Si) most commonly and widely used. Gallium Arsenide(GaAs)
• Atomic no. of Sillicon(Si) is 14,it has 4 valance electrons.

• These 4 electrons are shared by four neighboring atoms in the


crystal structure by means of covalent bond.

• Fig. in next slide shows the crystal structure of Si at absolute


zero temperature (0K).

• Pure Semiconductor acts has poor conductivity (due to lack of


free electrons) at low or absolute zero temperature.
Basic Electronics Engineering

1ev

Each electrons of valence band or valence electron forms a


complete covalent bond in Pure Intrinsic semiconductor at
absolute zero temperature (0) K .
Basic Electronics Engineering

At room temperature some of the covalent bonds break up to


thermal energy as shown in fig above. The valance electrons
that jump into conduction band are called as free electrons
that are available for conduction.
Basic Electronics Engineering
Basic Electronics Engineering
• Intrinsic semiconductor conducts very small amounts of
current at room temperature.

• Current conduction capacity of Intrinsic semiconductor can be


increased significantly by adding a small amounts impurity to
the intrinsic semiconductor.

• By adding impurities it becomes Impure or Extrinsic


semiconductor. Impurities are called Doping Agent.

• This process of adding impurities is called as doping .

• The amount of impurity added is 1 part in 106 atoms.


Basic Electronics Engineering
Basic Electronics Engineering
• If the added impurity is a pentavalent atom. Eg:- Phosphorus,
Arsenic, Bismuth, Antimony etc.
• Resulting semiconductor is called N-type semiconductor.
• A pentavalent impurity has five valance electrons.
• In crystal structure of N-type semiconductor material where
four out of five valance electrons of the impurity
atom(antimony) forms covalent bond with the four intrinsic
semiconductor atoms.
• The fifth electron is free.
• Free electron can be easily excited from the valance band to
the conduction band by the application of energy.
Basic Electronics Engineering
• At room temperature almost all the fifth electrons from the
donor impurity atom are raised to conduction band.

• Therefore number of electrons in the conduction band


increases significantly.

• In N type semiconductor electrons are referred to as majority


carriers.

• Holes are the minority carriers in N type semiconductor.


Basic Electronics Engineering
• If the added impurity is a trivalent atom. Eg:- Boron, Gallium ,
Indium etc.

• Resulting semiconductor is called P-type semiconductor.

• The three valance electrons of the impurity forms three


covalent bonds with the three neighboring atoms.

• Vacant exists in the fourth bond giving rise to the holes.

• Each trivalent atom contributes to one hole generation and


thus introduces a large no. of holes in the valance band.
Basic Electronics Engineering

Holes

Crystalline structure of P-type Semiconductor


Basic Electronics Engineering
• In P type semiconductor , holes are majority carriers and
electrons are minority carriers.

• Each trivalent impurity atoms are capable of accepting an


electron, these are called as acceptor atoms.

• The conductivity of N type sc is greater than that of P type sc


as the mobility of electron is greater than that of hole.

• For the same level of doping in N type sc and P type sc, the
conductivity of an Ntype sc is around twice that of a P type sc.
Basic Electronics Engineering
Bhadra 9, 2077

THANK YOU !!!

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